Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP GalvanizationStanding Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Door System Automatic Infusion Pump“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts-Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door.Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine–UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price–m.ironwiremeshfactory.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box.[Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Croygenic Swing Check Valve–Good Adult Diaper Factrory Supplier Reusable PP Tape PE Film Plastic Bachsheet] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment.[Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry,95g 3D Tooth Stain Remover Whitelock Toothpaste,China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity(2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush,National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion]FRP Profile Made in China.[Basketball Court Epdm Rubber Flooring Suppliers for Sale,Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment,60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water,Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety–18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting]Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration,75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale.[6314c3 Deep Groove Ball Bearing Low Noise for Motor,Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator] However,H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera-AM has not been reported.
Here,Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment,16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes.Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool-Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261).
Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding
2.Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet
2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building(MakerBot IndustriesPVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory, with the extruder moving from left to right (X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm).Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe]2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts. The schematic shown inRapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts.
Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner. (a)Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136.Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign.Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates. (b)Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV.[LED Candle Lantern&Hurricane-Lamp]Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine, a small slit or pre-Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen. Finally,Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag(first tab)Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPopular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp.Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube, cross-Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel LightVex.Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female)shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inMakute Electric Air Blower 600W Axial Fan with Big Power. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation.[20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inElectric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger).Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet,σT,Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera(see Section 2.3).[High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal]Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets.Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts.High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal-parallel to the print.
3.Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park
Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price,Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting. Cross-304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate.3, and are displayed inManufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in120w Led Linear High Bay Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale, which all had significantly smaller,Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector.Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inFashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140). This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower. AsTexincreases,Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making, leading to a stronger weld.High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8)Vexas shown inGuick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls. The influence ofTexandVexHans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder.
IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTVogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mmσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDiameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strandwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox-Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use,Cbd Extraction and Purification Process.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology/or extrusion.[ School]Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips(China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders)).Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inDecorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement, respectively,Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve.Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inHigh Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price.
4 Conclusions
Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z,3.7*60 Concrete Nails.Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape.OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003). This measurement technique is a straightforward,Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera-AM.7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool.
Acknowledgments
Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
