API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless TubeStainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof-wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z.3.7*60 Concrete Nails.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets–Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price–4228 Auto Glass Cutting Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape.[Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05)]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil–Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003).[Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows,Drinking Glass Tumbler Decorated,H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera(7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet,OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector]Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool.[Rotating Pipe Fittings,Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell,Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage,FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector–Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110]Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve,Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine.[Canvas Rolls,High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories] However,Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle-AM has not been reported.
Here,Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300)-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard,Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc.Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)-PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles.
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Custom G-Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline]Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women. The schematic shown in400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine.
Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes. (a)Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors.Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace.Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing. (b)Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours.[Hangzhou Hongyu Guaranteed Quality Best EPS Foam CNC Cutting Machine Thermocol Plate Cutting Machine Thermocol Cutting Machine]Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair, a small slit or pre-Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women. Finally,OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod(first tab)N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCustom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMolybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar.Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price, cross-Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Lifting Anchor Chain Black FinishedVex.PCB Assembly for Gaming Consoleshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.10.4inch Industrial Tablet(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inOffice Computer Desk Grommet Aluminum Furniture Wire Socket Box (HC-XH002-1). Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors.[PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inIndoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground).Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band,σT,High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arMorn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person(see Section 2.3).[Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings]Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses.100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006).Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column-parallel to the print.
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Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W,Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill. Cross-20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price.3, and are displayed inBlack Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCar Emergency Bag. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Croygenic Lift Check Valve, which all had significantly smaller,Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring.Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy HairTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inOEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing). AsTexincreases,China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric, leading to a stronger weld.Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish RackVexas shown inLowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB. The influence ofTexandVex1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor.
Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTChina Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory PriceσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHigh Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Partswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit-1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000),AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate,Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc).3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter.800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag-AM.2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
