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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts-Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper.Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room–Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service–1156304101 Output Shaft 6th Gear] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv.[Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales–High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7.[Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use,Led Street Light 60w,Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t(Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel,PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438]H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making.[Steel Bar Steel Wire Cutting Machine for Pole Making,Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate,Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape,Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine–Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet]Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly,Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU.[Customized Aluminium Foil Mailer Bubble Envelope Express Mailing Bag in Metallic Color,Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery] However,Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve-AM has not been reported.
Here,Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business,Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas.Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou-Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck.
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2.Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall
Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm(MakerBot IndustriesFine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Power Industry Underground Cable Tray, with the extruder moving from left to right (Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal).Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-color coated aluminum coil manufacturers(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak]Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew. The schematic shown inAluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6.[Disc for Cutting Concrete]Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery, a small slit or pre-Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood. Finally,Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA(first tab)F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inAustralia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theE-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station.Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy, cross-Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage RingVex.AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motorshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPositive Drive Turn Belt for Spiral Freezing Equipment. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater.[Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery).Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2),σT,for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4(see Section 2.3).[Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit]2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets.Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer.#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E-parallel to the print.
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China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding,304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes. Cross-Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting.3, and are displayed in165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inNew Designs 925 Sterling Silver Men Rings with Natural Agate Stone. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles, which all had significantly smaller,Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker.Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/BlowerTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter. AsTexincreases,LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter, leading to a stronger weld.Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for MaleVexas shown inVacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House. The influence ofTexandVexSWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts.
Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTOffice Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge BandingσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverterwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector-Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo,Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm).
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor/or extrusion.[100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing]2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price(AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine)).Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inRubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment, respectively,Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen.6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi.
4 Conclusions
6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder,Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity.Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet.Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL). This measurement technique is a straightforward,Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag-AM.High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine.
Acknowledgments
High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
