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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer-Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle.Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories–Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline–Corians Solid Surface/Acrylic Solid Surface/Bending Corians Solid Surface] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration.[Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part–Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A.[PCB Assembly for Gaming Console,Colorful Numbers 26 Letters DIY Felt for Decoration,Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01(18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground,Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings]Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine.[Ce Certificate,Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo,The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel–OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E]5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification,Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel.[Ingersoll Rand 2475n5 2475n7.5 Piston Air Compressor 175 Psig 80-Gallon ASME Receiver Tank Value Premium Options,Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB] However,Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)-AM has not been reported.
Here,1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose,China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel.Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization-Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector.
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2.Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet
Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder, with the extruder moving from left to right (Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck).Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Most Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H]Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine. The schematic shown inDiisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer.
Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037). (a)Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine.0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia.Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag. (b)Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide.[Shac Economic Linear Guides Cheap Linear Guideway]High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter, a small slit or pre-Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H. Finally,Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve(first tab)High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair.Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing, cross-Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G). Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping MachineVex.Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inIrrigation System Agriculture. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration.[Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inCustom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending).99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building,σT,925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHigh Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing(see Section 2.3).[professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design]Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket.Zs/Fs Series Square Sieve.3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme-parallel to the print.
3.Galvanized Bar Grating
Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price,High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator. Cross-Forging Metal Building Parts.3, and are displayed in Teflon Tube. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inLaptop Table. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm, which all had significantly smaller,Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6). At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv.High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inPolyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine. AsTexincreases,Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator, leading to a stronger weld.CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDFVexas shown inOEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool. The influence ofTexandVexLug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval.
High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTOEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal ConnectorσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inSemi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon-Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe,Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color/or extrusion.[Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp]Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel(Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale)).for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inCoffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof, respectively,Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag.Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCustom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag.
4 Conclusions
Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black,Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211.Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale.Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage. This measurement technique is a straightforward,China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole-AM.Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
