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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD-Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement.Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine–NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)–www.baiyipackage.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag.[Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[ RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock–H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter.[Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination,www.chinakingbo.com,Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold(Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color,250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower]wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z.[Professional Kitchen Supply Accessories Kitchen Handles of Pot,Shrink Tunnel for Packing Machine,China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box,Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign–Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine]3.7*60 Concrete Nails,Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape.[Black/Grey Phosphating Drywall Screws Fine /Coarse Thread with Plastic Box Packing,Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off] However,OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003)-AM has not been reported.
Here,Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool,Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve.Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine-Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle.
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Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard(MakerBot IndustriesChildren Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc, with the extruder moving from left to right (Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)).PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors.[Hospital Consumables Disposable Lumbar Puncture Needle Sizes of Spinal Needles]Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace, a small slit or pre-Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard. Finally,Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair(first tab)Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inMdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile.Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E, cross-Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for saleVex.Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inOEM Ad Player Inch Multi-Touch Ad Player 43 Inch on Alibaba Top Manufacturer LCD Digital Signage Outdoor Food Kiosk Design. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump.[High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAPI600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve).OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag,σT,2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arAAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine(see Section 2.3).[High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir]Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder.10.4inch Industrial Tablet.Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill.20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Croygenic Lift Check ValveTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSuper Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101. AsTexincreases,Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable, leading to a stronger weld.Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving BracketVexas shown inModern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture. The influence ofTexandVex18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring.
Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTAngelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy HairσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing)-China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric,Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
