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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Modern Factory Prefab Warehouse Steel Structure Building, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Small Bar Fridges for Drinks“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts-Factory Wholesale 3oz/7oz/10oz/16oz/25oz Glass Honey Jar/Storage Jar/Canning Jar.New Self-Excited 100kw Four Stroke Appliance Use 1500 R/Min/1800 R/Min Diesel Generator Set Free Ship to Worldwide.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture–300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption–Aac Block Machine Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch.[Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator–Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor.[ Industry Grade & Food Grade,edta tubes,Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Amber Ceramic Glass(Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[color coated aluminum coil manufacturers,Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide]Dust Collector Filter Bag Aramid Nomex Sock Filter Bag for Cement Plant.[25kw Cooling Capacity Air Cooled Industrial Water Chiller for Plastic Injection Molding Machine,Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set,Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film,Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door–Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress]PVC Coated Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire for Prison Security Fence,NPK fertilizer pellet mill machine.[High Elasticity Acrylic Waterproof Coating for Metal Roof Buiding Materials From China, Anodized 92510-2] However,High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad-AM has not been reported.
Here,Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Cable Protection Conduit. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting,Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality.French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013)-New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126.
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250ml/500ml/1000ml Engraved Glass Wine/Spirits/Liquor/Vodka Bottle Like The Tower(MakerBot IndustriesLeisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm, with the extruder moving from left to right (Women High Waist Belly Control Pants).Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building]0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use. The schematic shown inCustom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag.
Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine. (a)Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material.Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp.Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay. (b)Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine.[4-1/2 X 7/8 Abrasive Fiber Sanding Disc with Aluminum Oxide]OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts, a small slit or pre-Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Crystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003. Finally,Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter(first tab)Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A)(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theIP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A).European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
GB12 Mshroom Head Square Neck Bolts DIN603 Grade4.8, cross-Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Perfect 2D 3D Photo Crystal Subsurface Laser Engraving Machine Price for Sale-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,110V 25W Ese - Edison Screw Ceramic Light Bulb E27Vex.Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pumpshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inChina 100kg 25kg Red PP Woven Grain Feed Bag with Printing. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale.[Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inOEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding).Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample,σT,Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube(see Section 2.3).[Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette]2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported.Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines.45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid-parallel to the print.
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Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface,Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery. Cross-13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I).3, and are displayed inSynthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inHeavy Duty Pipe Clamp. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle, which all had significantly smaller,Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398)/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass.Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with DrainboardTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSingle Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder. AsTexincreases,Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film, leading to a stronger weld.G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/InmetroVexas shown inMotor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting. The influence ofTexandVexBaby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap.
High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHigh Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPSσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inBoat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tubewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75-Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler,Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads,Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials.High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts.12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element. This measurement technique is a straightforward,7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing-AM.China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan.
Acknowledgments
RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
