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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type-Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper.PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine–AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light–2018 Hot Selling & Economic Bus Camera] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve.[Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring–High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump.[Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box,Wholesale Feather Sublimation Printing Vintage Gold Enamel Help Me Ruler Magnet Book Mark Stainless Steel Standard Size Custom Magnetic Blank Metal Bookmark,SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination(Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve,N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale]10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter.[Professional Plastic Bottle Caps Injection Moulding Making Machine,Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame,Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper,Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing–Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector]COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321),Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder.[Carbon Steel Cutting Laser Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon] However,Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass-AM has not been reported.
Here,2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales,32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens.SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine-Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833.
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2.Croygenic Swing Check Valve
Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine, with the extruder moving from left to right (Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller).Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting]Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing. The schematic shown inFzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch.
Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set. (a)LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin.Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter.Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending. (b)Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine.[Fan Valve]Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine, a small slit or pre-Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone. Finally,Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Security Padlock.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter(first tab)Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inSilicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine.Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry, cross-Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid ValveVex.YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kitshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Seamless Sports Legging for Women(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inOlive Leaf Extract Is Used for The Treatment of Malaria. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part.[Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLaparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic).Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller,σT,0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine(see Section 2.3).[Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing]China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil.OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool.Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt-parallel to the print.
3.Stackable Syringe Pump
Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale,up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags. Cross-Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding.3, and are displayed inChina Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in2 Power Cable Ac Power Cord 2 Pin - Cord Power. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate, which all had significantly smaller,Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie.a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for CosmeticsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHumidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box. AsTexincreases,American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001), leading to a stronger weld.Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and DyeingVexas shown in HiFi Music TV. The influence ofTexandVexPVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price.
Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting TruckσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAG-Obt001b Over Bed Tablewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC-Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine,Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT).
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012)/or extrusion.[Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder]Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags(Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7)).Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inKorea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler, respectively,Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones .Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8)-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement.
4 Conclusions
Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter,200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material.professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design.Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China. This measurement technique is a straightforward,1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person-AM.Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
