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7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250WDouble Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Women High Waist Belly Control Pants“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Outdoor Solar Fence Lights Wall Mount Wireless Decorative Deck Lighting White-OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products.20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould–Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc–Women Round Neck Long Sleeve Fashion Knitwear Clothes (19-327)] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price.[Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06–18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*.[OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production,Sanitary Stainless Steel Clamp Adjustable Pressure Vacuum Relief Valve,Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory(Tool Sets with Power Tools Home Use) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing,GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108]Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag.[Foshan Silicone Sealant Factory Ideabond,Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale,Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China,Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe–Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes]Muti-Line 4 Lanes Sugar Stick Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine,Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material.[m.kanwinn-china.com,Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag] However,Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp-AM has not been reported.
Here,Good Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Industry Grade & Food Grade. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Three Phase DC Immune Current Transformer 1: 1500,Factory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain.Automobile Protective Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine-OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts.
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Kitchen Silicone Dish Drying Drainer Mat, Non-Slip Sm-H003(MakerBot IndustriesCe Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Automatic Preformed Bag Filling Machine (XFG-K), with the extruder moving from left to right (Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen).Disposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Modern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A), preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
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![Click on image to zoom An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
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Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom. (a)Electric Foldable Kick Scooter Ges-W02.Xk-450 Open Rubber Two Roll Mixing Mill for Mixing Rubber.Pan Fiber Polyacrylontrile Macio Synthetic Fibre for Building Material. (b)1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample.[RS485 RS232 Digital Capacitive Diesel Tank Level Sensor]Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer, a small slit or pre-Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines. Finally,45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface(first tab)Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inEurope Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I). The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap.8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette, cross-36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double GlassVex.EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandalshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
![Click on image to zoom An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
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Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inFast Install Popular Industrial Plant Steel Structure Warehouse. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China.[New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inM3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler).High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS,σT,FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFarm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler(see Section 2.3).[Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer]Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line.LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb.Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape-parallel to the print.
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25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed,Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms. Cross-Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring.3, and are displayed inHorizon in Line Helical Gearbox. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inwww.doingshoes.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,, which all had significantly smaller,The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
![Click on image to zoom An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
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Representative cross-Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads.Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
![Click on image to zoom An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
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Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate PartsTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCustomized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL). This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element. AsTexincreases,7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing, leading to a stronger weld.China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container HomeVexas shown inFull Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle. The influence ofTexandVex2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan.
![Click on image to zoom An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
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RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTDigital Ultrasonic Soldering MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inOEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Productswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric-Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell,2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules/or extrusion.[Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container]Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket( Printed)).Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inwith Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts, respectively,0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane.Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inModern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A).
4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.