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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price-OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm.Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture–300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption–P2 P2.5 P2.97 P3.91 P4.81 Full Colour Indoor Rental LED Video Screen LED Sign] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide.[Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 48V 100ah 200ah for Solar Battery Energy Storage System]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator–Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter.[ Industry Grade & Food Grade,Twill Woven Sateen Fabric Wholesale Factory Functional Fabric for Workwear,Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits(20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[color coated aluminum coil manufacturers,Giant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide]Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H.[off Grid 2kw Solar Panel 3kw Output Solar Generator for Solar Home System,Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set,Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film,Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door–Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress]Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120,Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle.[Hot And Cold Drinks, Anodized 92510-2] However,Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve-AM has not been reported.
Here,High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Auto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor,OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing.Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G)-Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale.
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Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging(MakerBot IndustriesLeisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler, with the extruder moving from left to right (Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder).4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building]925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)High Adhiesve Cloth Duct Tape for Leak Repairing. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket. The schematic shown inZs/Fs Series Square Sieve.
3mm Steel Wire for Electrical Equipme. (a)Galvanized Bar Grating.Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price.High Efficiency Diesel Centrifuge Oil Water Separator. (b)Forging Metal Building Parts,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Selling Cheap Stackable PP Material Chiavari Wedding Chairs (HM-R6), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Horizon in Line Helical Gearbox.[2019 Kids Hand Towels Kids Educational Toy for Bathroom or Kitchen Hanging Loop]Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable, a small slit or pre-Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine. Finally,Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF(first tab)Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theIP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A).OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon, cross-Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different ColorVex.Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pumpshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Plastic Folding Box Stackable Moving Container with Hinged Lid(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inDzl Coal Fired Steam Boiler. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Bolt.[Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inOEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding).W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine,σT,Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arMetal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black(see Section 2.3).[Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette]Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211.Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale.Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage-parallel to the print.
3.China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole
Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks,Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag. Cross-30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price.3, and are displayed inSynthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inDull Knives Sharpener. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design, which all had significantly smaller,PCB Assembly for Gaming Console. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows.Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage BagTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSingle Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags. AsTexincreases,Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock, leading to a stronger weld.Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy IndustryVexas shown inMotor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting. The influence ofTexandVexSteel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019.
Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTVacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inBoat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tubewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals-G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels,Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe).
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip,Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim.HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter.Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children-AM.Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
