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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover-YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs.Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill–with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler–Good Quality Pump Seal Rubber Diaphragm. - AC1010-S - Zhuohui] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine.[Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders–Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making.[13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor,Top Quality 99.95% Molybdenum Square Plates,Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine(Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin,Custom Investment Casting Stainless Steel Water Pump Body Parts]Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump.[13G Seamless Liner Sandy Finish PVC Work Glove-5112,Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves,10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring,Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt–5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera]Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine,Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07).[Carbon Steel Butterfly Valve,Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room] However,Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery-AM has not been reported.
Here,155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China,Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade.Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair-Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card.
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Waterproof Melamine Chipboard(MakerBot IndustriesRubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer, with the extruder moving from left to right (Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06).Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service]50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate. The schematic shown inSell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw.[Favorites Compare Ts16949 High Quality Automotive Rubber Parts]18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle, a small slit or pre-Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine. Finally,1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase(first tab)PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inGasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHigh Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station.Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12, cross-Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse BuildingVex.Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Useshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inFood Storage Container Lunch Box Set of 3. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System.[Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel).DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light,σT,T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arLow Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer(see Section 2.3).[PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438]2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging.Needle for Crochet Machine.Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip.Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass BottleTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inPromotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby. AsTexincreases,4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery, leading to a stronger weld.Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient GownVexas shown inOriginal Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery. The influence ofTexandVexHigh Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould.
Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCompatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching ConnectorσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inFine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kitwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale-Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll,300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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