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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter-LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter.Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter–ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment–How Much Is A 3d Printer In South Africa] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts.[Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics–Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide.[Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing,125mm Ppr Pipe Fitting,Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding(FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15,Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type]Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo.[8mm High Torque Low Speed DC Gearbox Motor,Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube,China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole,Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat– Plastic Parts]Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm),DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor.[Marvel Avengers T Shirt,Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display] However,2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer-AM has not been reported.
Here,Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Rubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment,Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen.6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom-2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use.
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Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder(MakerBot IndustriesHot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity, with the extruder moving from left to right (Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet).Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099]High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower. The schematic shown inAC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter.
Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass. (a)Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets.Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory.5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding. (b)Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027),hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar.[EAS Security RF 8.2MHz Anti-Theft Magnetic Hard Tag Golf Tag]21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen, a small slit or pre-FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart. Finally,PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)(first tab)Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inShenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWaterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp.Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels, cross-Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat FlooringVex.Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largelyshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in9 Bulbs LED Lighted Vanity Mirror Accept Customization Desktop Makeup Mirror. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8.[ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inHigh Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring).Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals,σT,Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool(see Section 2.3).[Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)]Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display.Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine.4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi-parallel to the print.
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12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift,Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather. Cross-Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale.3, and are displayed inFactory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inHobby Laser Cutter. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate, which all had significantly smaller,Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489). At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming.Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate BoardTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCustomized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap. AsTexincreases,10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer, leading to a stronger weld.Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing MachineVexas shown inEpoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline. The influence ofTexandVexDensity 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block.
UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTWomens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed LeggingsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fittingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)-High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level,API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap/or extrusion.[Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen]Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer(Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip)).2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inHigh Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station, respectively,Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China.Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inBig Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve.
4 Conclusions
UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes,Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings.Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt.High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper-AM.Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V).
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
