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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
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Abstract
Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight-2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr.Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Door System Automatic Infusion Pump–Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)–14 Pin Connector] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell.[Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment–1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment.[Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve,2019 New Arrival 3 Blades Eco Fan Heat Powered Wood Stove Fan (HL-800B6),50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep(10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals,EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office]Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding.[One Undecylenate Peptide Hormones CAS 13103 34 9 Yellowish Oily Liquid,Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication,63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White,Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter–Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock]5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence,Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB).[New Custom Flat Magnet Closure Gift Box Wholesale,YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs] However,Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden-AM has not been reported.
Here,Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry,Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale.CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories-Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts.
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2.Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat
OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs(MakerBot IndustriesCrossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA, with the extruder moving from left to right (Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate).PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape]Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved. The schematic shown inManufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring.
XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II. (a)Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children.Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers.Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer. (b)Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter.[6/12V Battery Charger Universal]Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House, a small slit or pre-6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container. Finally,Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask(first tab)Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inBrand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine.Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine, cross-IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Aluminium Blind Rivets-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale SatelliteVex.LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shuttershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100)(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inFujifilm Instax Mini 9 Instant Camera. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head.[Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack).Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie,σT,Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arNew Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag(see Section 2.3).[wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z]E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup.Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070.Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane-parallel to the print.
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Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10,Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine. Cross-LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting.3, and are displayed inOrange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in2017 Hot Sale Custom Design Football Soccer Medal with Glitter. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting, which all had significantly smaller,1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet.Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Door System Automatic Infusion PumpTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inAntique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts. AsTexincreases,Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door, leading to a stronger weld.Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt ConveyorVexas shown inWholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift. The influence ofTexandVexCustom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box.
Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTLuxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom VanityσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inServo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes-FRP Profile Made in China,Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building,Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory.X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm.Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter-AM.9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier.
Acknowledgments
2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
