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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace-Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing.Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ Anodized 92510-2–Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building–Cheap Automatic High Quality Hospital Interior Doors] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard.[Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks–IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace.[Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump,0.31mm Wood Pattern PPGI Coil Steel,1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours(Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding,Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette]Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof.[1X4 Singlemode Optical Fiber Splitter Sc/APC Connector,Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet,Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite,Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill–Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine]PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour,Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women.[Baby Toddler Seat,Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting] However,OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E-AM has not been reported.
Here,Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale,Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm.Hand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator-Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price.
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2.High Quality Investment Casting, Precision Casting, Lost Wax Casting Parts
Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished(MakerBot IndustriesBoat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump, with the extruder moving from left to right (OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag).2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-10.4inch Industrial Tablet(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding]Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone. The schematic shown inMorn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Croygenic Lift Check Valve.[Pvc Sheet Supplier]Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101, a small slit or pre-Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring. Finally,Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing)(first tab)China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theComputerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine.1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer, cross-China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)Vex.18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ringshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in6ml Perfume Bottles Hanging Wooden Cap Car Perfume Bottle. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Church LED Flameless Taper Candle.[Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inWall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket).50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer,σT,Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHigh Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder(see Section 2.3).[Cable Protection Conduit]Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover.Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate.Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc)-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids.Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater TreatmentTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inRacing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price. AsTexincreases,Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding, leading to a stronger weld.1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker PaperVexas shown inIndustrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle. The influence ofTexandVexModern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005).
Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFactory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball ValveσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inExport The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skatewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts-Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model),Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01,18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting.Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine.5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel Keel-AM.Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
