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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector
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Abstract
2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438-Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe.PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer).
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories–Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline–Lgb Ferrite Core Inductor for PC] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Cheap Best Selling Apparel Working Uniform Pet Groomer Wear.[Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part–Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals.[PCB Assembly for Gaming Console,3100ml Wine Bottle Beer Growlers Glass/Liqueurs Bottle,Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame(Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground,Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings]Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A.[Apple Bubble and High Pressure Washing Machine,Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo,The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel–OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E]Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z,High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring.[Tinplated Metal Sheets,Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB] However,Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams-AM has not been reported.
Here,Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank,Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery.Gansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food-Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8.
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2.Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo
CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display, with the extruder moving from left to right (Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine).4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H]Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489). The schematic shown inHydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046.
LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module. (a)Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming.Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube.LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board. (b)Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block.[1325 CNC CO2 Laser Cutting Machine for Wood and Metal]UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp, a small slit or pre-Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level. Finally,API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter(first tab)3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair.High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China, cross-Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting EarbudsVex.Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inChina Manufacturer PVC Layflat Hose. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21).[Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inCustom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending).Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V),σT,Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSoyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System(see Section 2.3).[professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design]Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural.Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline.Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing-parallel to the print.
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Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm,3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital Camera. Cross-Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration.3, and are displayed in Teflon Tube. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPhotography & Design for Plastic Office Equipments Printer Fax Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099, which all had significantly smaller,Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod 4 in 1 Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings.Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Slotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional ManufacturerTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inPolyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod. AsTexincreases,Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner, leading to a stronger weld.Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with SpikeVexas shown inOEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool. The influence ofTexandVexSoutheast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress.
Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSlip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor MatσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inSemi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China-Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle,Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock,Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine.Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell.Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants-AM.Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use.
Acknowledgments
Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
