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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair-PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing.EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting–Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding–50L Essential Oil Extraction Plant] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men.[Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale–Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder).[18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring,(SP-EC489) Wholesale Cafe Restaurant Used Solid Wood Dining Chair,Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand(Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket,Cable Protection Conduit]Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine.[China Single Shoulder Lady Handbags,Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD,Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine,up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags–Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale]OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts,Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage.[Sy09-05-001 Pet Dog Cat Massage Grooming Hair Remover Brush,Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle] However,Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler-AM has not been reported.
Here,Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose,165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center.Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock-Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer.
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High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management(MakerBot IndustriesExport The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts, with the extruder moving from left to right (White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment).HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children]Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light. The schematic shown in48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System.
Spacer CNC Machining Parts. (a)Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely.Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing.Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies. (b)0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650), driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine.[52 Elbow Pipe Fitting]Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule, a small slit or pre-Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic. Finally,Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water(first tab)Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator.Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric, cross-Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide GuidewayVex.Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dressshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inBulk Calcium Chloride. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice.[360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inProgrammable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign).UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire,σT,Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arVintage Tea Light Candle Holders(see Section 2.3).[Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children]Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type.Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper.PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine-parallel to the print.
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Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump,Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination. Cross-Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire.3, and are displayed inPrefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inDifferent Design and Pattern Indoor Decorative Wall Mirror Panels. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter, which all had significantly smaller,COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321). At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM.Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot SalesTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDisposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens. AsTexincreases,SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine, leading to a stronger weld.Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833Vexas shown inProfessional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine. The influence ofTexandVexBlack Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016.
Croygenic Swing Check Valve,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPrecision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel CastingsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inUV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W Newwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine-Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller,Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump/or extrusion.[Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price]5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe(Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support)).Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inWholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo, respectively,Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing.Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCroygenic Swing Check Valve.
4 Conclusions
Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending,Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring.China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation.Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine-AM.Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex.
Acknowledgments
Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
