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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor-Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box.Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting–Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding–NPK Compound Organic Fertilizer Particles Cooling Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity.[Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale–Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes.[18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring,Good Prices Landscaping Artificial Synthetic Lawn,Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
FRP Profile Made in China(Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket,Cable Protection Conduit]75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale.[High Quality Motorcycle Accessories Tubeless Tire Repair Kit,Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD,Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine,up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags–Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale]H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera,Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press.[Vacuum Food Jar,Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle] However,High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe-AM has not been reported.
Here,10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool,Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261).Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding-Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet.
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2.Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory
X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm(MakerBot IndustriesExport The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack, with the extruder moving from left to right (Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter).9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children]Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner. The schematic shown inWaterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136.
Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign. (a)Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates.Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag.Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery. (b)Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1.[Max Twintier Rb441t Using Wire Coils Tw1061t]Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing, a small slit or pre-External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate. Finally,Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws(first tab)Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator.Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860), cross-Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop BagVex.Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dressshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAutoclave Tape with Steam Indicator for Medical Pack. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves.[360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inProgrammable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign).360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera,σT,Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arManufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts(see Section 2.3).[Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children]High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal.Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park.Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price-parallel to the print.
3.Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting
304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate,Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale. Cross-Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug.3, and are displayed inPrefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inm.baiyipackage.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China, which all had significantly smaller,PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119)/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine.Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap MakingTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDisposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8). AsTexincreases,Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder, leading to a stronger weld.IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A)Vexas shown inProfessional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine. The influence ofTexandVexVogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm.
Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSolar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency UseσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inUV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W Newwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Cbd Extraction and Purification Process-Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology,Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips/or extrusion.[Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price]Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement(Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support)).Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inWholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag, respectively,1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter.Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCroygenic Swing Check Valve.
4 Conclusions
3.7*60 Concrete Nails. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape,OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003).Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera.7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool-AM.Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine.
Acknowledgments
Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
