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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
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Abstract
EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder)-Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand.Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Door System Automatic Infusion Pump–Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)–Disc Sm2co17 Magnet] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine.[Pert Floor Heating Pipe Production Line Cold/Hot Water Pipe Extruding Machinery]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment–1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts.[Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve,1 Gang Curtain Switch Wood Outline Frame (HR1000-WD-CT(AC1)),50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage(Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals,EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office]Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price.[Golf Balls For Sale In Bulk,Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication,63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White,Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter–Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock]High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring,5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose.[Manufacturer Tungsten Carbide Extrusion Dies Wire Drawing Die,YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs] However,165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center-AM has not been reported.
Here,Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350,High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories.High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management-Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts.
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2.HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee
Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS(MakerBot IndustriesCrossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20, with the extruder moving from left to right (Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use).Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape]Spacer CNC Machining Parts, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing. The schematic shown inLow MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies.
0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package. (a)Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650).AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table.300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine. (b)Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic.[hongraygloves.com]Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box, a small slit or pre-Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export. Finally,Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric(first tab)Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inBrand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine.Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles, cross-Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel WireVex.LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shuttershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inGbc Laminating Film Rolls. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type.[Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack).Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper,σT,PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arBig Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve(see Section 2.3).[wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z]Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump.Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination.Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire-parallel to the print.
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COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321),Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder. Cross-Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass.3, and are displayed inOrange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inSolar Water Pump Brushless Submersible 210W 24V. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM, which all had significantly smaller,Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine.Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inAntique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Croygenic Swing Check Valve. AsTexincreases,Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings, leading to a stronger weld.Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing MachineVexas shown inWholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift. The influence ofTexandVexScrew Single Compressor Water Chiller.
Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTRender Dual Syringe Infusion PumpσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inServo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera-Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe,Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo/or extrusion.[CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF]Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch(High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making)).Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inLED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin, respectively,Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter.Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inFog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly.
4 Conclusions
Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine,Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine.Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex.Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile. This measurement technique is a straightforward,USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone-AM.Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Security Padlock.
Acknowledgments
XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
