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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed-Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms.Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter–ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment–New Design Factory Supply Industrial Machine Pasta] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,.[Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics–Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer.[Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing,Ceramic Ignition for Biomass Burner,Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley(Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15,Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type]Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads.[Baby Play Gym Mat,Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube,China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole,Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat– Plastic Parts]Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials,High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts.[Waterproofing Roofing,Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display] However,12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element-AM has not been reported.
Here,7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan,RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers.Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine-PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric.
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Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules(MakerBot IndustriesHot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer, with the extruder moving from left to right (Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket).Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099]1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing. The schematic shown inNew! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override.
High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling. (a)Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress.8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair.10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier. (b)2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door.[China High Precision Anodized Aluminum CNC Machining Turning Parts]4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office, a small slit or pre-Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale. Finally,Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat(first tab)Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inShenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWaterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp.Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover, cross-YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin MachineVex.Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largelyshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07)(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inArmy Fatigue Pants. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery.[ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inHigh Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring).155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage,σT,High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arDifferent Colors Dental PMMA Block From China(see Section 2.3).[Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)]Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade.Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair.Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock.50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for DogTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCustomized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate. AsTexincreases,Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price, leading to a stronger weld.Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam MattressVexas shown inEpoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline. The influence ofTexandVexChina Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders.
30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fittingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine-PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration,Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings,High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12.Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument.Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building-AM.Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
