OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel SpoolRetro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera-Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press.High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter–ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment–Dog Harness Leash] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment.[Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics–Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes.[Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing,Watch,Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool(Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15,Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type]Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding.[High Quality St630-St5400 Steel Cord Conveyor Belt China,Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube,China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole,Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat– Plastic Parts]Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet,2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building.[100w Led Floodlight,Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display] However,Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory-AM has not been reported.
Here,X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter,9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts.Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier-2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color.
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2.Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts
Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts(MakerBot IndustriesHot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner, with the extruder moving from left to right (Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136).Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099]Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine. The schematic shown inCircular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1.
Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing. (a)External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen.Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED.Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate. (b)Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine.[Passenger House Lift FUJI Manufacturer Elevator with Good Price]Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube, a small slit or pre-Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light. Finally,Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp(first tab)2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inShenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWaterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp.Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation, cross-Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi CameraVex.Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largelyshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in1/2 Hydraulic Socket Plug. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate.[ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inHigh Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring).Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale,σT,Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arInventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China(see Section 2.3).[Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)]PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle.Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector.Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119)-parallel to the print.
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Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower,Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making. Cross-High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8).3, and are displayed inFactory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inBest Sale Disposable Infusion Set with Needle Ce&ISO. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder, which all had significantly smaller,IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A). At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use.Cbd Extraction and Purification Process(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency TechnologyTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCustomized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin. AsTexincreases,China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips, leading to a stronger weld.Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MDVexas shown inEpoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline. The influence ofTexandVexDecorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement.
Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTWholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer BagσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fittingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter-Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold,Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z/or extrusion.[Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen]3.7*60 Concrete Nails-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape(Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip)).OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003).2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inMagic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera, respectively,7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W.Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inBig Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve.
4 Conclusions
Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300),High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator.Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard.Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)-AM.PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
