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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve-Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil.Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould–Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc–Hobby Laser Cutter] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business.[Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06–18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas.[OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production,Connector Plug S105,Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Guangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou(Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing,GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108]FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank.[2core Fiber Optical Cable Manufacturers Cheap Price,Ce Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale,Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China,Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe–Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes]Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall,Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm.[Electric Bike Lithium Ion Battery,Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag] However,Power Industry Underground Cable Tray-AM has not been reported.
Here,Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture,EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door.color coated aluminum coil manufacturers-Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles.
Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet
2.3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew
Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet(MakerBot IndustriesCe Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip, with the extruder moving from left to right (Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine).Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300), preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags]40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery. The schematic shown inMatt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes.
Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine. (a)Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood.Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture.20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor. (b)Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery.[China Threaded Female Reducing Carbon Steel Pipe Tee]Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy, a small slit or pre-Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-10PCS Women Jewelry Retro Triangle Knuckle Rings Vintage Ring. Finally,Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve(first tab)One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inEurope Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theCotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap.Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater, cross-Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2). Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4Vex.EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandalshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inExport Shs 500X500X15mm 400X400X20 in J355 Grade Steel Pipe. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting.[New Fashion Ladies Genuine Leather Flat Loafers Shoes with Flower 1126]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inM3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler).Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles,σT,Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPortable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer(see Section 2.3).[Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer]Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch.Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker.Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light-parallel to the print.
3.Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower
2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter,LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter. Cross-Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male.3, and are displayed inHorizon in Line Helical Gearbox. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in3d Face Doll Making Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts, which all had significantly smaller,Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo.Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for OutdoorTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCustomized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL). This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer. AsTexincreases,Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price, leading to a stronger weld.Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with ClipVexas shown inFull Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle. The influence ofTexandVexRubber Wire Separate Machine Tire Shredders Tyre Recycling Equipment.
Full Color 12.6′′x 50′′ Indoor or Semi-Outdoor Use Play Video Display Screen,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap CustomσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inOEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Productswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.2018 New 50 Wall Mounted/Build-in Electric Fireplace for Indoor Use-Hot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale,6.85m V Hull Welded Aluminum Fishing Boats with Cuddy Cabin for Sale.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Custom Polyester Badge Neck Wallet Passport Pouch Wallet with Pen Holder/or extrusion.[Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container]Industrial P-Toluene Sulfonic Acid for 93%-99% Purity-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet( Printed)).Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL).2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inLeisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag, respectively,High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate.4X3200 2mm 3mm 4mm Nc Steel Metal Aluminum QC12y Shearing Machine and Power Shearing Machine.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inModern Home Bedside Steel Reading LED Wall Light (KA8372-A).
4 Conclusions
Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter,Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass.Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets.Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory. This measurement technique is a straightforward,5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding-AM.Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027)-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat.
Acknowledgments
High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
