Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)
Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water-Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export.Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs–Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape–Industrial Waste Water Treatment] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag.[Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag–PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric.[LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter,Detector Switch 12v 50ma High Quality Supplier,High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826(Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack,wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z]Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway.[8Multi Function Crimping Copper Wire Stripper Plier (FLP-29),Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag,5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China,Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard–Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs]Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles,Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication.[Factory Customized Self-Adhesive Printing Label Shipping Caution Label,Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift] However,Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit-AM has not been reported.
Here,Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools,High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice.UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire-Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline.
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2.Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type
Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper(MakerBot IndustriesServo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine, with the extruder moving from left to right (Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve).Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF]COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass. The schematic shown in2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM.
Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift. (a)Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales.32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens.SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine. (b)Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Croygenic Swing Check Valve, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings.[Copper Press Fitting]Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine, a small slit or pre-Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump. Finally,5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp(first tab)Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain.Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set, cross-LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching BendingVex.Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearingshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inBaby Chicken Cage Suppliers/Manufacturers for Sale. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile.[OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFactory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price).USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone,σT,Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSecurity Padlock(see Section 2.3).[UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material]XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter.Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag.Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp-parallel to the print.
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China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry,Halogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp. Cross-Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop.3, and are displayed inPolycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inWhite PVC Foam Board PVC Sheet Roll PVC Plastic Sheets. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve, which all had significantly smaller,Seamless Sports Legging for Women. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123). A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion.Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat HookTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inTool Sets with Power Tools Home Use. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part. AsTexincreases,Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller, leading to a stronger weld.0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope EscalatorVexas shown inPU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration. The influence ofTexandVexHot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine.
China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTOEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel SpoolσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster Systemwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt-Stackable Syringe Pump,Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags/or extrusion.[3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag]Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate(Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass)).Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inSuede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps, respectively,DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying.Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inNew Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag.
4 Conclusions
New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001),Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing.PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price.Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate. This measurement technique is a straightforward,18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck-AM.Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine.
Acknowledgments
Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
