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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite Block, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700), the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve-Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap.Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets–Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price–Print Your Logo Cosplay Shoes Canvas Shoes Hand-Painted Shoes Sneakers Casual Pod Factory Running Shoes] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber ABS PLA Wood Printer.[Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05)]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil–Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion.[Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows,YALAN FPL and FQU Replacement Mechanical Seals for Flygt Pumps,H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
High Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station(Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet,OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector]Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou.[Outdoor Camping Dome House Camouflage Military Tent for Sale,Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell,Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage,FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector–Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110]Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price,Tws 5.0 Bluetooth Headset Wireless in-Ear Headphones for Outdoor Travel Business Meeting Earbuds.[Fr4 Shenzhen PCB Assembly,High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories] However,UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material-AM has not been reported.
Here,FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt,High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting.Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper-Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21).
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2.Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress.[Electro Galvanized Binding Wire/ Electro Gi Wire]Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels, a small slit or pre-Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle. Finally,Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component(first tab)Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCustom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMolybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar.Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Blue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables, cross-Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 2kw1500rpm48V. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves PusherVex.PCB Assembly for Gaming Consoleshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inLed Tube Cover. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator.[PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inIndoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground).TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use,σT,Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck:
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Representative cross-OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding.Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar BracketTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inOEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace. AsTexincreases,Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet, leading to a stronger weld.Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe PointeVexas shown inLowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB. The influence ofTexandVexTmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines.
Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTNew Fashion Travelling Canvas BackpackσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
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3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
