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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer-China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price.2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter–ODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular Connector] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Hex Bolts and Nuts with Zinc-Coating Surface Treatment–High Frequency Circular Rotary Vibrating Sieve Screen] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000).[Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics–Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor.[Stainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing,Camera Waterproof Bag,Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building(Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15,Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type]Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head.[Contemporary Home Furniture Gold Metal Brass White Marble Coffee Table,Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube,China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole,Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat– Plastic Parts]High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies,Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls.[Emcpioneer Fire Proof MRI Shield Door with Brass Material for Faraday Cage,Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display] However,Church LED Flameless Taper Candle-AM has not been reported.
Here,50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder,Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover.Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate-Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc).
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Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag(MakerBot IndustriesHot Sale Digital Printing Weave PVC Grass Carpet Cutting Carving Weave Machine for Sale, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch, with the extruder moving from left to right (18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street).Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099]Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater Treatment. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price. The schematic shown inCustomized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding.
1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper. (a)Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005).Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08.Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve. (b)Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model), driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending.[Desicant Dehumidifier Gun Safe]High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer, a small slit or pre-High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-O-Ring Chains Motorcycle Chains 50or. Finally,Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light(first tab)Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inShenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWaterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp.Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting, cross-Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel KeelVex.Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largelyshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Flexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Serrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP Galvanization(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSuperior Commerical Indian Spice Grinder for Clients′ Demand. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector.[ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inHigh Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring).Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag,σT,Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSteam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam(see Section 2.3).[Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)]Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder.Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck.Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp-parallel to the print.
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Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding,11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A. Cross-Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve.3, and are displayed inFactory Price DIN5685 Galvanized Marine Anchor Link Chain. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inIndoor Usage PVC Material 3D Decorative Wall Covering Waterproof Panel. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15, which all had significantly smaller,Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Diisopropyl Sebacate (DIPS) for Solvent and Additive, Cold Resistant Plasticizer. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Adjustable Decline Bench (AXD-5037)/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine.0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo BagTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inCustomized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Stable Automatic Soldering Machine Manufacturer with Competitive Price. AsTexincreases,OSB Oriented Strand Board 9/12/15/18mm, leading to a stronger weld.Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/PlantVexas shown inEpoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline. The influence ofTexandVexGiant Christmas Socks Carnival Amusement Park Inflatable Slide.
High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTStainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue KitsσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inJic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fittingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.20′′, 24, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel-Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H,Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle/or extrusion.[Folding Screen Room Divider Stainless Steel Decorative Metal Screen]Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (High Quality Creative Design Promotion Gift Running Medal of Souvenir(Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip)).API 5L ASTM A199-T22 Top Sales Alloy Steel Seamless Tube.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inAuto Water Cooling Radiator Release Temperature Screw Air Compressor, respectively,OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing.Bestsub Printed Tablet Case for iPad Mini (IMD06G).9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Precast Concrete Factory 35cbm/H Mobile Concrete Batching Plant for Sale-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %High Precision Automatic Twisting, Soldering and Crimping Machine% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inBig Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve.
4 Conclusions
304 Stainless Steel Pull Handle Hardware for Glass Bathroom Door. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Colorful Aluminium Foil cosmetic Bags with 3 Sides Sealing for Eye Mask Facial Mask Packaging,Ce Mark Singfiller Sodium Hyaluronate Dermal Filler.Anti-Aging Total Acidity 5%, 10% Apple Cider Vinegar Powder.4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press. This measurement technique is a straightforward,BNC Connector with Spring Protector Screw Type-AM.Packing Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
