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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor-Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine.Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories–Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline–Orange Color Change Silica Gel] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D.[Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part–Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards.[PCB Assembly for Gaming Console,Outdoor Plastic Rubber Exhibition Flooring Tile/Eco-Friendly Skidproof Plastic Floor,Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches(Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground,Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings]High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021).[Animal Ride Amusement Park Outdoor Equipment,Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo,The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping Tool, 28′′ Custom Cheap Luggage with Wheels Hardside Spinner Suitcase for Travel–OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E]Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved,Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780.[Cigar Ashtray Bin For Public,Lowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB] However,PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book-AM has not been reported.
Here,High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.,TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store.LED Module 25W 3000K-Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady.
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Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp, with the extruder moving from left to right (Bulk Washing Powder Detergent).Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Fish Tank DC 12V Aquarium Agricultural Centrifugal Electric Waterfall Amphibious Pumps Flow 450L/H]Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce. The schematic shown inCNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance.
Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers. (a)Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens.Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair.PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing. (b)EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand.[High Efficiency 750W 3.4A Water Pump Inverter Vfa-12s]Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale, a small slit or pre-Dahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage. Finally,Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring(first tab)5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHigh Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theWholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair.Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer, cross-Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry ManagementVex.Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inU Channel Aluminum Extrusion. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect.[Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inCustom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending).Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler,σT,Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System(see Section 2.3).[professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design]Spacer CNC Machining Parts.Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely.Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing-parallel to the print.
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0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package,Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650). Cross-AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table.3, and are displayed in Teflon Tube. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inScrew Cap Wine Bottle. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine, which all had significantly smaller,Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Ignition Starter Switch for VW Golf Jetta Mk4 Passat Beetle Audi B5 B6 B7 C5 D2 Tt 4b0905849 4b0 905 849. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic.Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best QualityTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inPolyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water. AsTexincreases,Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export, leading to a stronger weld.Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof JacketVexas shown inOEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool. The influence ofTexandVexCustom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag.
0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTGym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inSemi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machinewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine-Wide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway,Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication/or extrusion.[Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp]Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire(Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale)).Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inTungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools, respectively,High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice.UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCustom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag.
4 Conclusions
Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper,PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine.Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve.Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination-AM.Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321).B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
