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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter-Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending.Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House–10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing–11 Years Experience Good Price Anti-Glare 20W 30W Recessed Ceiling LED Downlight] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual Operation.[AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi–1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage.[70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4,Silk Screening,Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine(Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300),Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower]Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex.[Wholesale Super Funny Socks Colorful Happy Socks Men Dress,Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100),SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil,High Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer–Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly]Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile,USB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration Gramophone.[Keep America Great Flag, Trailer Wheel] However,Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest-AM has not been reported.
Here,Security Padlock-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag,Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp.Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0-China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry.
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2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve(MakerBot IndustriesGalvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Seamless Sports Legging for Women, with the extruder moving from left to right (LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)).Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Stainless Steel Furniture Gold PVD Plasma Coating Machine]CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator. The schematic shown inHot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine.
China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil. (a)OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool.Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt.Stackable Syringe Pump. (b)Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate.[Hot Dipped 2X2 Galvanized Welded Wire Mesh Roll]Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material, a small slit or pre-Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie. Finally,a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box(first tab)American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001)(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theTumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor.PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate, cross-18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making MachineVex.150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Rulershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT)(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012)(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCorrugated Board Production Line. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones .[Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inHot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality).Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture,σT,Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China(see Section 2.3).[Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp]Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser.Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter.200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband.9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL ShrTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inForest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce. AsTexincreases,SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell, leading to a stronger weld.Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer EquipmentVexas shown inHot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets. The influence ofTexandVexHigh Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep.
10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCustom Plastic Products, Injection MoldingσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industrywere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence-Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB),Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
