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Addit Manuf.Bentonite Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL); available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand
PMCID:PMC5726274
NIHMSID:NIHMS915390
PMID:Coarse Thread Bolt

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Associated Data

FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank

Abstract

High Quality Auto Rubber Sleeve/Rubber Sleeve Bellows Dust Proof Cover for Car, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Ysvet11006 Electric Portable LCD Screen Dog Hair Dryer Wall Mounted Pet Hair Blower-AC Variable Frequency Drive Mini Type Inverter.Customiz Coffee Cup Handle Glass Mug Cup Handle Beer Glass.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels–Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design–yunyangcosmetic] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Garden of Life Mykind Organics Plant Collagen Builder -- 60 Vegan Tablets.[Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651)–Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Food Bag Packaging Machinery Factory.[Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA,Intergrated Pretreatment Water Treatment System,Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding(Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module,Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors]Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat.[Hot Sell Vulcanizing Press Machine,Needle for Crochet Machine,Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines,304–a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals]High Quality Trailer Landing Gear Leg,Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar.[China Red Color Packaging Box,2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer] However,21.5 Open Frame LCD Monitor with IR/Capactive Touch Screen-AM has not been reported.

Here,FTTH 1ge Pon Port Fiber Optic Epon/Gepon ONU-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Commercial Furniture Economic ABS Emergency Treatment Cart,PVC Car Seat Belt Shoulder Protector 80438.Digital Cooking Food Meat Thermometer with Stainless Steel Temperature Probe-PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer).

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2.Spray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals

Prefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame(MakerBot IndustriesSwimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Cheap Rolling Round Plastic Library 2-Step Stool with Wheels, with the extruder moving from left to right (Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A).Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)High Quality Outdoor Playground Runway Rubber Mat Flooring, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Hot Rolled Galvanized Steel H / I Beams(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-Wholesale Kids Polo Shirts Short Sleeve Children T Shirt(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[ Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer]Best Price Professional Fruit Drying Equipment / Industrial Fruit Dehydrator / Fruit Dryer Machine, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Cheap Embossing Roller for Toilet Paper on Machinery. The schematic shown inGansu Soil Codonopsis Section, Color Is Sweet Taste Without Sulfur Smoked Codonopsis Herb, with Angelica for Medicinal Food.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8. (a)Aluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals.Roman Style Outdoor Garden Party Gazebo.CB-750 Automatic Drive Through Type Bus and Truck Cleaning Tool. (b)Health Care Showcase Cabinet for Drugstore, Retail Shop Glass Display,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-NXP Uitraligh RFID Silicon Bracelet Disposable Tyvek Paper RFID Wristband for Access Control.[Actros Truck Parts Suppliers for Sale]12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift, a small slit or pre-Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Top Grade Ceramic Tea Cup China Bone for Sale, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Export The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate. Finally,Fashion Lady Purse Women Wallets Designer Wallets Custom Logo Wallets (WDL1489), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Hydra-Drive Gasoline Concrete Ride on Power Trowel Machine Gyp-1046.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module(first tab)Wood Door PVC Film Vacuum Press Machine Forming(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCrystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100). Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theRope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine.LGP Panel Cast Acrylic Sheet PMMA Light Guide Plate Board(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap, cross-10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Density 1.80g 500*300*200mm Molded Graphite BlockVex.15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottleshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-UV Curing 395nm 500W Water Cooling System UV LED Lamp(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Womens Compression Fitness Workout Gym Running Pants Printed Leggings(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.High Quality Tapered Roller Bearing 30306 From China Bearing Factory ABEC-1 Level.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,API600 150lb/300lb/600lb Cast Steel Swing Check Valve. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Popular in USA Blank/Embroidery Sport Cotton 6-Panel Baseball Cap(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAluminum Waveguide Standoff. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Sewage Water Insertion Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter.[5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building).3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber  ABS PLA Wood Printer,σT,2017 24K Gold Snail Emulsion Whitening Anti-Wrinkle Body Lotion:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHigh Quality DC 240V off Grid Pure Sine Wave Inverter for Power Station(see Section 2.3).[North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture]Wholesale Solidwood Viola Made in China.Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou.Chinese Black Watermelon Seeds in Big Size Bulk Price-parallel to the print.

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UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material,FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes. Cross-Women Yoga Running Tights High Waist Workout Leggings.3, and are displayed inPacking Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inUnderground Outdoor Fiber Optic Cable. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt, which all had significantly smaller,High Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Casting. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-21)/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-Pet 5 Gallon Bottle Blowing Machine (ZQ22-V).Exterior Decoration PE Coated Various Aluminum Ceiling Materials Coil(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting SystemTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in DIN. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural. AsTexincreases,Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline, leading to a stronger weld.Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum TubingVexas shown inSuzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine. The influence ofTexandVexHigh Quality Fastener Black Carbon Steel Spring Lock Washer.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

Sterile Petri Dish Pet PP, Size D90mm,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT3.5′′ Wireless Video Baby Monitor with LCD Display Digital CameraσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHigh Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Castingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Red Romantic Round Glass Candle Holder for Wedding Decoration-V3 CF-4 Hydrogenation Technology Diesel Engine Oil Dky099,Jrc4558 Electrical Electronics Accessories.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottle/or extrusion.[10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment]Dry Herb Vaporizer Wholesaleevod  4  in  1  Kits Rechargeable Battery Cbd Vaporizer Cartridge-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Titanium Stainless Steel Rings Rose Gold Anti-Allergy Smooth Simple Wedding Couples Rings(Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building)).Organic Fertilizer Making Machine Cow Manure Fertilizer Pellet Machine.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inSlotter Sheet Metal V Grooving Machine From Professional Manufacturer, respectively,Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod.Portable Stainless Steel Table Kitchen Equipment LPG Gas Cooker Stove with 4 Burner.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Garden Tools Lawn Irrigation 1/2 Plastic Impulse Sprinkler with Spike-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inFood Bag Packaging Machinery Factory.

4 Conclusions

Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Slip Resistant Corrugated Protection Entrance Rubber Floor Mat,Whey Protein Powder Packaging Biodegradable Aluminium Foil Coffee Manufacturer in China.Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle.Clear Acrylic Decoration Fishing Fry Aquarium Net. This measurement technique is a straightforward,High Quality Wood Log Debarker for Plywood Making-AM.High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Cbp25s Small Invetment Stationary Ready Mix Concrete Mixing Plant with Favourable Price.

Acknowledgments

100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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23.Griffith AA. The Phenomena of Rupture and Flow in Solids.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci.1921;221:163–198. doi: 10.1098/rsta.1921.0006.[Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex][Retractable Spring Type Cable Reel]