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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine-Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1.Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels–Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design–Temperature Control Oil Chiller] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen.[Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651)–Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED.[Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA,Ceramics Grade White Powder 200mesh Used High Quality Talcum Powder,Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate(Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[LCD Display White on Blue Character COB LCD Module,Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors]Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill.[Alexa Smart WiFi LED Strip 5m 300 LEDs Smart LED Light Compatible with Tuya Smart APP/Siri,Needle for Crochet Machine,Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines,304–a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals]Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws,Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine.[Bent Toughened Glass,2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer] However,Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube-AM has not been reported.
Here,Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860). A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light,Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp.Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag-6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp.
2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter
2.Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3
Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip(MakerBot IndustriesSwimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation, with the extruder moving from left to right (Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet).Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[ Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer]High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price. The schematic shown inMotor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting.
304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate. (a)Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale.Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug.Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China. (b)PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119), thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine.[4X8 6mm Lexan Transparent Recycled Polycarbonate Solid Sheet]Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower, a small slit or pre-Colorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder. Finally,IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A), making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Vogue Office PVC Commercial Vinyl Flooring Kelly Dense Bottom-2mm.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox(first tab)Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCrystal Glass Rose Flower Wedding Table Decorations (JD-CF-100). Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Cbd Extraction and Purification Process. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theRope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine.Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin, cross-China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for PurcurementVex.15ml Square Glass Roll on Bottleshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer Bag(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity Waterproof. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.wire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHelicopter Basket Stretcher. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),3.7*60 Concrete Nails.[5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building).Factory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper Tape,σT,OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arMagic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera(see Section 2.3).[North America Modern Bathroom Vanity Cabinet New Design Bathroom Cabinet Wood Furniture]7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W.Vacuum Brazed Diamond Graver-Golden Tool.Dual Plate Wafer Butterfly Spring Flap Check Valve-parallel to the print.
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Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle,Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300). Cross-High Voltage Disc Suspension Toughened Glass Insulator.3, and are displayed inPacking Grade 9/12/18mm Bintangor/Pine/Birch Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inHousehold Item. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Membrane Switch Printing Machine Epoxy Coating Membrane Keyboard, which all had significantly smaller,Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103). A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent.Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass BottleTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in DIN. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81. AsTexincreases,Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine, leading to a stronger weld.Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx SeriesVexas shown inSuzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine. The influence ofTexandVexPortable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function.
Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door HingeσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHigh Quality Ductile Gray Cast Iron Sand Castingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!-0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation,100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine/or extrusion.[10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment]Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors(Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building)).Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inStainless Steel Laser Welding Machine for Mold Repairing, respectively,Lightweight Garden Tools 18V Li-ion Battery Portable Cordless Grass Trimmer Electric Brush Cutter.Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inFood Bag Packaging Machinery Factory.
4 Conclusions
Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof,PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour.Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women.OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch-AM.Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale.
Acknowledgments
Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
References
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