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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals-Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics.New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery–Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak–Black Carbon Steel Welded Pipes/Tube for Machinery Industry] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001).[Soyo Energy N Shape Base for Solar Mounting System]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8–E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing.[AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor,DC 20V Electric Tool with Dust Collection for Drilling (NZ80-01),Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price(Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery,Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit]18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck.[PVC PMMA/ASA Plastic Color Corrugated Roof Tile Sheet Production Line Composite Building Roof Tile Extrusion Equipment,165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center,32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens,Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier–2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color]Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC,Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine.[belling) Extrusion Extruding Making Production Line Machine,Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House] However,Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT)-AM has not been reported.
Here,Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012)-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags,Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse.Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler-Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones .
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Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China(MakerBot Industries10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser, with the extruder moving from left to right (Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter).200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[100mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Wheel with Plastic Backing]Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off. The schematic shown inSemi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine.
Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge. (a)Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband.9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight.2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr. (b)Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep.[Motor Operated EPDM Lined Soft Seal Flange Butterfly Valve for Water]10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure, a small slit or pre-Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB). Finally,Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel(first tab)Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper.CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts, cross-Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark PlugsVex.70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inGo Car Camera Recorder. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent.[Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inGonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300)).Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110,σT,Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arManufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring(see Section 2.3).[Stainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower]XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II.Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children.Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers-parallel to the print.
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Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway,Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign. Cross-Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating.3, and are displayed inDisposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100). Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inSinbeda Mobile Phone LCD for iPhone 6s 6splus LCD Touch Screen Digitizer. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter, which all had significantly smaller,Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container.Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line EquipmentTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inIndustrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask. AsTexincreases,Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film, leading to a stronger weld.Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain CapVexas shown in Trailer Wheel. The influence ofTexandVexSynthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet.
500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTIGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or SilverσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inGalvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Aluminium Blind Rivets-Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite,China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070,Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane.Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover.Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine-AM.LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting.
Acknowledgments
1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
