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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Southeast Asia Healthy Soft Integrated Latex Foam Mattress
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261)-Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding.Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Tower Crane Slewing Limit Switch with 5A–Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader–Hot Dog Trailer] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building.[FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser–75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory.[10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier,Strong Office Magnet,New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[ Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm(Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Sinotruk HOWO Engine Exhaust Valve (Vg1560050027),Organic Fertilizer Making Machine for Poultry Farm]Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter.[Split Turbo Diamond Saw Blade for Cutting Granite&Marble (JL-TDBS),OEM Stamping Part-Punching Plate -Weld Service -Deep Drawn-Sheet Metal Pressing,Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light,Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine–2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter]9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts,Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier.[Box Motion Baby Wipes Horizontal Flow Wrapping Machine,Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment] However,2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color-AM has not been reported.
Here,Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts,Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner.Waterproof Mens Luxury Nylon Minimalist Gift Quartz Wrist Watch Wy-136-Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign.
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2.Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag
Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery(MakerBot IndustriesBlue Color Aluminum Pet Foil for Rg Series Coaxial Cables, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder, with the extruder moving from left to right (D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV).Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules]Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler Bag. The schematic shown inYt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill.
Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws. (a)Hero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making Machine.Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube.Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables. (b)Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860),hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag.[vtimejewelry]6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp, a small slit or pre-2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip. Finally,Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves(first tab)360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown infor Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theE1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup.Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal, cross-Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain LiftingVex.Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Aggregate Vibrating Screen, Aggregate Vibrating Screen Machine for Sale(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Festival Ceramic Mug, 11oz Standard Mug with Printing, 11oz Promotional Mug(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Inventory Foil Lined Block Bottom Plastic Eco Friendly Factory China.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Black Chip on Glass Dfstn LCD Monitor with FPC Connector(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inStainless Steel CF8/CF8m Sanitary Ball Valve Price for Food Industry. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Afanti Music Basswood 41 Acoustic Guitar (AAG-119).[High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inSpray Molybdenum Wire at Western Minmetals).Agricultural 2 Ton Steel Track Mini Crawler Dumper Loader Machine,σT,Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arColorful Cosmetic Pigment Powder Color Mica Powder for Soap Making(see Section 2.3).[Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350]High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8).Hans Stylish and Premium Multi Size Wholesale Glitter Powder.IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A)-parallel to the print.
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Bx Cycloidal Drive Transmission Gear Reducer Speed Gearbox,Solar Energy Electricity Generator 400W Pure Sine Wave AC Output for Home/Outdoor Emergency Use. Cross-Cbd Extraction and Purification Process.3, and are displayed inLight Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPrecise CNC Lathe Processed Metal Part. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology, which all had significantly smaller,Blue Coated Waterproof China Korea Quality PE Tarpaulin. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.China Manufacturer High Quality Greenhouse Panel Clips. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement.Pneumatic Labyrinth Cage Type Control Valve(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Wholesale Colored Printing Plastic Shipping Envelope Mailing Bag Poly Bubble Mailer BagTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDisposable Single/Double/Triple Lumen Hemodialysis Dialysis Catheter. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. AsTexincreases,Top Quality High Precision Plastic Injection Mold, leading to a stronger weld.Big Size Clear Plastic Ladies PVC Shopping Tote/Beach Bag Fashion Large Capacity WaterproofVexas shown in Coating (A8011. The influence ofTexandVexwire plug socket cable mount push pull connector INT-PHG. 2B. 3B. 312.316.318.326. CLLD72Z. CLLD10Z.
3.7*60 Concrete Nails,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTFactory Direct Sale Custom Auto Refinish Paint Masking Tape/Crepe Paper TapeσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPolypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bagwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.OEM ODM LED Light Bathroom Hotel Wall Mirror (MR-YB1-DJ003)-Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera,7A Step-up 12V to 36V DC DC Converter 250W.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
