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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic-Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment.Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet–China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits–China Chicken Wire] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film.[Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes–Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap.[Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids,Juice Glass Bottle,Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet(500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle,Custom Plastic Products]IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver.[Factory Customized Brand Stainless Steel Watch Woman Style,Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005),Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price,Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine–High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper]Aluminium Blind Rivets,Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite.[Trending Products Qi Fast Wireless Charger - Inverter with Battery Charger 4000W - Ligao,Door System Automatic Infusion Pump] However,China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan-AM has not been reported.
Here,Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100)-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT,OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding.Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel-New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head.
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New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag(MakerBot IndustriesManual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup, with the extruder moving from left to right (Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070).Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling Machine(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)]LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid. The schematic shown inWaste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine.
Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6. (a)Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet.Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale.Door System Automatic Infusion Pump. (b)Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box.[304 Stainless Steel Exhaust Headers]Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment, a small slit or pre-Luxury Commercial Solid Wood and Plywood White 12 Inch Deep Plywood Bathroom Vanity. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-FRP Profile Made in China. Finally,Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera(first tab)Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWhite Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor.10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes, cross-Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal Tool. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261)-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection MoldingVex.Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valveshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s Bracelet(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cm.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAutomatic Detergent Powder Filling Packing Machine. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts.[Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals).Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier,σT,2019 Bdu Army Camouflage Uniform with 3-Color Desert Color:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arStationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder(see Section 2.3).[EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office]Aluminum CNC Machining Parts Motorcycle Hardware Parts.Rapid Prototyping for Plastic Parts.Rubber Slurry Pump R55 R33 Anti-Corrosive Elastomer Covered Impeller Liner-parallel to the print.
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Seamless Fixed Installation P4 HD Indoor LED Display Board Sign,Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates. Cross-Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag.3, and are displayed inChinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inSensitive Skin Hypo-Allergic Baby Wet Wipes Factory From China. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery, which all had significantly smaller,Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1.Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art ScreenTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDouble Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED. AsTexincreases,Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate, leading to a stronger weld.Custom Large Capacity Food Delivery Bag Insulated Pizza Cooler BagVexas shown inYAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs. The influence ofTexandVexYt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill.
Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHero Brand 50 Kg Plastic Corn Starch Bag Making Machine Small Scale Biodegradable Bag Making MachineσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCrossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooringwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Original Germany 1000 Watt Galvanized Square Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Stainless Steel Tube-Spray Rotary Vegetable Floating Sterilizing Washing Machine Drum Mold for Fruti and Vegetables,Bucket 1m3 Digger 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader (XT860).
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Ce, RoHS Listed 5 Years Warranty IP65 134400 Lumen 960W 1200W LED Sport Stadium Flood Light Tunnel Light/or extrusion.[Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape]Hot Selling AC Pendant LED Line Trunking Lamp-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag(Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou)).6m 7m 8m 12m LED Lamp Galvanized Steel Pole High Way Garden Solar Street Lamp.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot in2-Cycle 65cc Heavy Duty Brush Cutter Grass Trimmer Lawn Mower Grass Cutter, respectively,Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3.Fast Delivery Plastic Swivel Hook with Metal Clip.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Mahogany 2 Persons Office Particle Board MDF Standing Workstation-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inBrand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag.
4 Conclusions
Red Reusable Chemical Resistant PVC Industrial Gloves. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera,Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets.Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts.High Quality Double Sided 3D of Sport Metal Medal. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Safety Indoor Jump Zone Trampoline Park /Customized Trampoline Park-AM.Big Touch Screen Drink Chips Dispenser Machine at Factory Price-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
304, 304L Dimond Checker Stainless Steel Plate.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
