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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed-E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station.M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting–Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding–High-tech New Style Tire Curing Press] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle.[Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale–Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale.[18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring,Ruler Set,Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Aluminum Silk Screen Print Frame with Mesh(Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket,Cable Protection Conduit]5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption.[aihdcam.com,Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD,Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine,up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags–Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale]150cm Measuring Tape Measure Retractable Colorful Portable Ruler,Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder.[Mixing Barrel,Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle] However,Forpro Single-Sided Wall Formwork for Construction Building-AM has not been reported.
Here,Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Polymer Carboxyl NBR Latex for Gloves. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Sexy Striped Two-Color Optional V-Neck Female Swimsuit,Zinc Plated Drop in Expansion Anchor Bolts.Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper-Electric Forklift Truck at 1.5/1.8/2.0/2.5/3.0/3.5 Ton with Intelligent Battery and Charger.
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Cold Rolled Sheet Table Top Two Burner Gas Stove Jp-Gc203t(MakerBot IndustriesExport The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Water Cololing Two Roll Open Rubber Mixing Mill, with the extruder moving from left to right (H Frame Automatic Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton for Car Filter Making).Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children]Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)High Quality P10 Outdoor Programmable LED Sign for Business. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas, Painting Canvas. The schematic shown inGuangzhou Supplier Low Carbon Steel Binding Wire in Guangzhou.
Heavy 4X2 Dongfeng 8tons Garbage Compression Compactor Truck. (a)FRP GRP Chemical Tank Large Diameter Pressure Tank.Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall.Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm. (b)Power Industry Underground Cable Tray,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Newest Design Glitter Sport Running Medal, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Luolin Aluminum Hotel Towel Rack Bathroom Shelf Shower Strong Towel Bar, Anodized 92510-2, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Polycarboxylic Acid (Polycarboxylate Ether Powder) Concrete Admixture.[www.wiremeshyz.com]EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door, a small slit or pre-color coated aluminum coil manufacturers. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet. Finally,3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Aluminum Sheet 1050 A1050 3003 5052 5083 6061 H14 H24 O Aluminum Sheet.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.12V 4400mAh Li Ion Battery Pack for LED Strip(first tab)Watermelon Melon Orange Lemon Apple Kumquat Brush Spray Washing Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator.Energy-Saving Specification Cement Crusher (WLCF1300)(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Factory Cheap Price Ceramic Bearing 627 RS ABEC 3 Manufacturer, cross-UV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W New. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,99% Muscle Building Peptide Ghrp-6 5mg 10mg CAS 87616-84-0 Ghrp6Vex.Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dressshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Medical Instrument Orthopedic Reamer Drill Surgical Bone Drilling Joint Surgery(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Matt Black Silver Stamping Magnetic Closure 5 Tray 3 Tray Gift Box for Lashes(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Full Automatic Chocolate Tempering Machine(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Manufacturer Supply Natural Olive Leaf Extract for Reduce Blood.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Multi Function Electronic Music Gift Box Manufacture. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.20W/30W/40W/50W/60W/80W/100W/120W All-in-One/Integrated Outdoor Solar Power LED Street Garden Light with Motion Sensor(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in260kg Mini Loader Hy200 Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA.[360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inProgrammable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign).F Galvanized Steel Trench Cover Drainage Pit Drain,σT,Customized Drum Gear Coupling for Heavy Machine (GIICL):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery(see Section 2.3).[Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children]Good Price Foundry Ladle for Pouring in Metallurgy.Screen Printing Machine and Curing Machine with Robotic Arm.300kn 600kn 100/200 Ton Computerized Electro-Hydraulic Utm Price Servo Control Tensile Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine-parallel to the print.
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Industrial Plastic Moving Crate Sale Plastic Moving Crate with Dolly,Servo Motor Ce ISO Certificate Bottle Drum Olive / Edible / Vegetable / Lube / Engine / Cooking Lubricant Oil Bottling Filling Packing Packaging Machine. Cross-Ca Fire Stainless Steel Handwheel Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve.3, and are displayed inPrefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inFiberglass AGM Separator Used in E Bike Battery. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,One Year Warranty Low Price Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8, which all had significantly smaller,EVA Beach Slipper Slide Sandal. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Ce Approved 50L-500L High Efficiency Unpressurized Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Colorful Satin Ribbon with High Quality (LTS-SR2).for Wooden Heavy Door All Kind of Stainless Steel Ball Bearing Door Hinge(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
70L 90L Mini Freezer for Car 12V Car Fridge Freezer Br70AC4Tex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDisposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets. AsTexincreases,Aluminum Coil 0.5mm Thickness for Transformer, leading to a stronger weld.#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/EVexas shown inProfessional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine. The influence ofTexandVex1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil.
China Factory Supply Industrial Manipulator for Welding,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser TubesσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inUV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W Newwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Jic Hydraulic Fitting Female 37 Cone 26711 Hose Crimping Fitting Carbon Steel Fitting-Stainless Filter Nozzles / Stainless Steel Strainer Nozzles,Colors Tactical Softshell Waterproof Military Jackets and Pants Suit.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Portable Self-propelled Plate Edge Cold Blade Deburrer/or extrusion.[Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price]Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Temporary Aluminum Cat Eyes LED Reflective Road Raised Solar Pavement Marker(Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support)).Imee Printing Promotion China Hand Torch Flashlight LED Light.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inStainless Steel Biogas Pre-Treatment Desulfurization System/Tank/Blower, respectively,2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter.LC Duplex/ Quad Multimode Fiber Optic Adapter with Shutter.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Life Size 170cm Silicone Sex Dolls Real Love Doll for Male-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCroygenic Swing Check Valve.
4 Conclusions
Wholesale 7.2X4.5X4.7m Christmas Inflatable Santa Bouncer with Slide. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Office Furniture Filing Cabinets Office Accessories Fittings Edge Banding,FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector.Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo.Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm). This measurement technique is a straightforward,DJ Club 1400W LED Stage Strobe Light for Outdoor-AM.2/3 Axle 45000 Fueltanker/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price.
Acknowledgments
Office Equipment Cleanroom Plastic ESD Cutter with Clip.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
