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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Asiatic Plantain Herb Extract Powder Aucubin Free Sample, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- 0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
2019 Newest 10.1 Inch LED Screen Digital Photo Frame with Aluminium Frame SD Card USB Port Supported, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Plastic PVC/ABS Recycling Continuous Rotary Extrusion Machines“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid-Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB.Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture–Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall–Gas Heating Industrial Ironing Machine /Roller Ironing Machine for Hospital (YPA)] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery.[Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price–Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I).[Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved,Dinosaur Kids Slide Plastic Children Indoor Playground Equipment Slide Swing Kids Plastic Slide,Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle(Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[ 11oz Standard Mug with Printing,Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper]36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel.[OEM Band Stop Filter,Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China,Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment,Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil–20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk]Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398),Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass.[Glass Bottle Company,Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould] However,Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt-AM has not been reported.
Here,Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film,G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro.Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap-High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China.
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Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler(MakerBot IndustriesPeo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line, with the extruder moving from left to right (LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb).Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc]Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer. The schematic shown inCustomize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley.
Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design. (a)Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads.Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials.High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts. (b)12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan.[Silver and Gold Cake Board]RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers, a small slit or pre-Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell. Finally,2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer(first tab)Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFront Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle.with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane, cross-Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet InlayVex.OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Productionshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inFactory Supply Banana Powder for Capsules with High Quality. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf.[High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inNa2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing).Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda,σT,21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arTwo Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door(see Section 2.3).[GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108]4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office.Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge.Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs.Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDisposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making. AsTexincreases,Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine, leading to a stronger weld.Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat ExchangerVexas shown inFood Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag. The influence ofTexandVexComputer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump.
Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTWood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07)σTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCe Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Cewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery-155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage,High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China/or extrusion.[Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags]Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair(2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube)).Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inAluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer, respectively,Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould.Waterproof Melamine Chipboard.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inEurope Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter.
4 Conclusions
Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts,Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food.New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock.50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog-AM.Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price.
Acknowledgments
Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
