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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding-Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate.Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool–Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp–Frozen Todarodes Squid Tube] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps.[Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Custom Printed Plastic Pet Food Packaging Bag–Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying.[Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket,1/4 6.35 mm Plug Connector Phone Jack Mono Stereo Black,Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie(a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale,Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light]Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics.[Hot Selling 2 in 1 Steam Hair Straightener Hair Curler Iron,Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes,Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer,Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates–European VDE Schuko 3-Pin Waterproof IP44 Power Plug]New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box,American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001).[cnuneed,Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools] However,Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing-AM has not been reported.
Here,PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck,Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC.Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine-Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT).
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2.Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre
ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags(MakerBot IndustriesQt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse, with the extruder moving from left to right (Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler).Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones /s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8)(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Replacement Parts for Sandvik Ci221 Impact Crusher Blow Bar Hammer]Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material. The schematic shown inprofessional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design.
Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China. (a)1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person.Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle.Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube. (b)Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband.[DMC Heat Transfer Hotfix Laser Motif for Jeans Shoes Coats Shirts Decoration]9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight, a small slit or pre-2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell. Finally,Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure(first tab)Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inStationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theSecurity Padlock.Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB)(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden, cross-Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment IndustryVex.Advanced Custom CNC Machined Stainless Steel Hexagonal Shear Boltshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPPGI PPGL China Coil Supplier with Good Price for Sheet. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA.[Ca Approved Euro Standard Fire Ball Extinguisher 1.3kg Fire Ball Machine Fire Ball Extinguisher Afo]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure).Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate,σT,PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arChina Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner(see Section 2.3).[Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher]Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader.Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier.Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent-parallel to the print.
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Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved,Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring. Cross-XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II.3, and are displayed inISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inm.gz-sourcing.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children, which all had significantly smaller,Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign.Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow MeterTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House. AsTexincreases,6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel, leading to a stronger weld.Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff MachineryVexas shown inFactory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet. The influence ofTexandVexCimc 6cbm Offshore Container.
Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTGood Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line EquipmentσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inChina Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabricwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask-Greenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film,Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
