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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Full Automatic Injection Blow Molding Machine for Plastic Bottle, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Wire Mesh Gravity Feed Bottle Shelves Pusher“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Colorful Printing Glossy Lamination for ID Cards-Double Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock.Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine–AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light–New Design Factory Price Single Stick Sugar Packing Machine] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell.[Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring–High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Retro National Wind Ceramic Earrings.[Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box,String Tying Machine,SWC490 Cardan Joint Universal Joint Coupling Drive Shaft Parts] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Women Seamless Sport Gym Leggings Ladies Running Fitness Yoga Pants(Multi-Functional for Food/Fruit/Vegetable Drying Machine Stainless Steel Hot Air Dryer Dehydrator) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve,N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale]TUV Medical Ce Approved Shr IPL Hair Removal IPL Shr Laser Hair Removal Machine Medical Beauty Instrument for Beauty Salon Use.[Clear Perfume Bottles,Wall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame,Coated Waterproof Silicon Carbide Coated Abrasives Sanding Paper,Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing–Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector]Brand New truck tractor/ FAW Tractor Truck,Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine with Rotation Device.[www.alugrating.com,Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon] However,All Sizes Pet Bottle Cap Preform Mould Mold-AM has not been reported.
Here,Factory Price 20W 40W 60W 70W 80W 100W Outdoor Solar Powered LED Street Light-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Best Selling U82, U84, U85, U92, U94, U170, S135 Cutter Picks for Shearer or Tunneling. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Set Single Screw Extrusion Granulator Machine,33kv Dry Type Resin Casted Distribution Transformer.Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V-Mini Car Portable Fridge 10L Mini Fridge.
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2.2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror
Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use(MakerBot IndustriesHigh Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House, with the extruder moving from left to right (OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding).Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting]Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture. The schematic shown inNew Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack.
20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel. (a)PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine.Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp.1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor. (b)Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651),hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book.[Disposable Puncture Needle for Injection]Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port, a small slit or pre-High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture. Finally,30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel(first tab)New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inSilicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine.Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors, cross-Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing MachineVex.YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kitshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inFull Downdraft Furniture Spray Paint Booth in UAE. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator.[Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inLaparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic).50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer,σT,Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arCast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved(see Section 2.3).[Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing]Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs.Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes.Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001)-parallel to the print.
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IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine,YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit. Cross-75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building.3, and are displayed inChina Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inm.waterdroprofilter.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts, which all had significantly smaller,Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D.Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag PouchesTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHumidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case. AsTexincreases,High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021), leading to a stronger weld.Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO ApprovedVexas shown in HiFi Music TV. The influence ofTexandVexFast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780.
PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHigh Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber ClothσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAG-Obt001b Over Bed Tablewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube-Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.,TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-LED Module 25W 3000K/or extrusion.[Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder]Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head(Diesel Engine Parts Head Rotor Yanmar X7)).Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inDog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning, respectively,Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp.Bulk Washing Powder Detergent.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement.
4 Conclusions
Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof Canopy,Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery.Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml.FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with Ce. This measurement technique is a straightforward,CNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance-AM.Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Poultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for Hens.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
