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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil-OEM Double Layer Wire Cable Reel Spool.Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ Anodized 92510-2–Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building–Full Automatic Dry Granulator for Lab] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Stackable Syringe Pump.[Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks–IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale.[Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump,Hexagon Head Bolt And Nut,1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags(Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding,Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette]Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate.[PU Leather Zipper Coin Purse Decorate with Tassel,Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet,Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite,Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill–Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine]Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material,Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps.[100tons Crumb Rubber Press Machines with Temperature Control,Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting] However,DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying-AM has not been reported.
Here,Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics,New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box.American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001)-Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing.
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18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck(MakerBot IndustriesBoat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC, with the extruder moving from left to right (Waste Carton Box Pulping 1760mm Kraft/Brown Paper Making Machine).Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT)/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012), preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding]Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones . The schematic shown inFactory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture.
Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8). (a)Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China.Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser.Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter. (b)200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person.[Siamese Cable Rg59]Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle, a small slit or pre-Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine. Finally,Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight(first tab)2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theComputerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine.SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment, cross-High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Custom Plastic Products, Injection MoldingVex.18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ringshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB)(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inGear Switch Suppliers for Sale. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale.[Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inWall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket).CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories,σT,Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arPublic Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440(see Section 2.3).[Cable Protection Conduit]Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat.OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs.Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA-parallel to the print.
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PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement,China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner. Cross-Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader.3, and are displayed inGraphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inLED Lights/LED Bulb Laser Logo Printer Fiber Laser Marking Machine. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier, which all had significantly smaller,Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring.XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small ChildrenTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inRacing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers. AsTexincreases,Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer, leading to a stronger weld.Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for HighwayVexas shown inIndustrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle. The influence ofTexandVexProgrammable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign.
Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow MeterσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inExport The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skatewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House-6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel,Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container/or extrusion.[Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children]Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment(Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook)).Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inGreenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film, respectively,Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap.Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E.
4 Conclusions
Aluminium Blind Rivets. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite,China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan.Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100).Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT-AM.OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
