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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China-High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS.FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting–Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding–EAS Anti-Shoplifting Optical Tag] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Farm Using Ce Certificated Tractor Mounted Mini Round Hay Baler.[Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale–Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Galvanized Steel Pipe Making Machine, Auto Line Air Duct Auto Line.[18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring,Al Three Taiwan Bearing Bicycle Pedal,Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb(Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket,Cable Protection Conduit]GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108.[Hydraulic Gear Pump Manufacturers,Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD,Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine,up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags–Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale]25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed,Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms.[IP44 Waterproof 16A 220V 3 Pin Electrical Male and Female Industrial Plug and Socket,Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle] However,Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring-AM has not been reported.
Here,Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley,Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design.Abrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads-Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials.
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7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing(MakerBot IndustriesExport The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home, with the extruder moving from left to right (2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan).RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children]2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer. The schematic shown inIsolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket.
Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags. (a)with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts.0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane.Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad. (b)1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override.[Tube Rolling Machine]High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling, a small slit or pre-Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier. Finally,2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp(first tab)Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator.Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly, cross-Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric FireplaceVex.Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dressshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inType 320/420/520 Film Thermoforming Vacuum&Map Packaging Machine. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide.[360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inProgrammable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign).Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine,σT,a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSemi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine(see Section 2.3).[Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children]Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger.Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump.Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine-parallel to the print.
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Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery,155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage. Cross-High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook.3, and are displayed inPrefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inAnticorrosive Filling Machine for Chemical Liquid. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China, which all had significantly smaller,Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer.Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Waterproof Melamine ChipboardTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDisposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer. AsTexincreases,Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06, leading to a stronger weld.Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine PartVexas shown inProfessional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine. The influence ofTexandVexHigh Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts.
Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTNew Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle LockσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inUV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W Newwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags-Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog,Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls,Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water.2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine.1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box-AM.Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine.
Acknowledgments
High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
