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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Cement Kiln Dust Filtration System Filtration Fabric Fms Needle Felt, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Stackable Syringe Pump“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Slaughterhouse Cattle Beef Slaughtering Equipment Meat Processing Machine for Sale-up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags.Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet–China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Stainless Steel Straight Pipe for Fireplace /Chimney Flue Kits–Low Carbon Steel Wire Soft Black Annealed Binding Wire Construction Wire] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Aluminum Honeycomb Panel with Fireproofing Materials and High Pressure Laminate.[Silicone/EPDM/FKM/NBR Rubber Gasket with FDA Approved Gasket Material]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[FRP High Strength Channels with Different Shapes–Rock Wool Sandwich Board Used for Container House] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Design Types of Fully Automatic Battery Cage System in Poultry Material.[Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids,m.sajoo-switch.com,Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Nylon Packing Strip Buckle Machine Supplier] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Suede Booties Winter Ladies Knee High Boots High Heels Pumps(DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Disposable Stainless Surgical Scalpel Blades with Handle,Custom Plastic Products]Men′s Classic Hoodie, Pullover Hoody. 100%Cotton Hoodie.[Industrial Low Temperature Cold Oil Water Chiller with Suitable Price,Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005),Shine Skin Pumpkin Seeds High Quality Low Price,Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine–High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper]a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals,Factory Direct Sale Pigment Red Yellow Iron Oxide for Cosmetics.[OEM Customized Aluminum Pressing Components Sheet Metal Fabrication with Anodizing Finish,Door System Automatic Infusion Pump] However,New Product Ideas Wooden Musical Jewelry Storage Box-AM has not been reported.
Here,American Outdoor Chair Cafe Chair Restaurant Best Quality Cafedeira Only Sell to USA (SP-OC001)-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,PVC Octangle /Compact Male and Female Threaded Ball Valve with Good Price,Galvanized Power Plant Steel Grating with ISO and Ce Certificate.18meters 20meters Mobile Aerial Man Platform Work Scissor Type Lift Lifting Truck-Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC.
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2.Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT)
Custom Clear Acrylic Chinese Tea Table (BTR-Q1012)(MakerBot IndustriesManual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding Machine, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Farm Use Agricultural Works Skid Steer Loader Tyre, with the extruder moving from left to right (ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags).Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Szadp True Tws Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds I12 Touch Ipx4 Waterproof Headphones (the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000)]Heavy Duty 8 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Vertical Pattern Motorcycle Low Pressure Tube Tyre (4.00-8), printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer Supplier Exporter in China. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Commercial Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser. The schematic shown inSolar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter.
200W 300W Optical Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Aluminum material. (a)professional PCB Clone/Design Service Water Heater PCB Design.Precision Plastic Electric Enclosure From China.1m to 10m Small Home Elevator for Disabled Person. (b)Custom Medical T-Handle Bone Marrow Biospy Needle,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Jinan Huafei Welding Turning Rolls for Turning Pipe and Tube, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Caterpillar for Big Cable Production Line Haul-off, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine.[1325 CO2 Laser Cutting Machine 1318 CNC Engraving Cutting Laser CO2 1390 1610 1325 Metal Laser Cutting Machine CO2 Laser Cutting Machine for Metal]Llw Worm Screen Continuous Centrifuge, a small slit or pre-Plastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,9A Grade Unprocessed Remy Human Hair Chinese Virgin Hair Silky Straight, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr. Finally,Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment(first tab)High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWhite Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-10kv-1100kv Electric Power Transmission Metal Lattice Structure. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor.Custom Plastic Products, Injection Molding(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
5*5cm Mesh Opening Chain Link Fence, cross-Stainless Steel Pipe Preheat Electromagnetic Induction Heating Machine (GYM-40AB). Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Hot Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Garden-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut outVex.Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valveshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Glass Wool Core with PU Edge Sandwich Panel(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Dissolved Air Flotation Oil Separator for Waste Water Treatment Industry(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown in50L Jam Making Machine Stawberry Jam Cooking Pot. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat.[Household Large Capacity Pot Glass Cold Kettle Bottle]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inAluminum Mountain Bike Pedals Spare Parts High Quality Bike Feet Pedals).OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs,σT,Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arTransparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate(see Section 2.3).[EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office]PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement.China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner.Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader-parallel to the print.
3.Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier
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Representative cross-Family Care Oral, Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer.Yellow / White Reflective PU Raised Pavement Marker for Highway(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message SignTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDouble Persons 100% Cotton Net Hammock. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating. AsTexincreases,Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter, leading to a stronger weld.Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular HouseVexas shown inYAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs. The influence ofTexandVex6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel.
Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTCimc 6cbm Offshore ContainerσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCrossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooringwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic-Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment,Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT,OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding.Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel.New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie-AM.Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag.
Acknowledgments
E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
