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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Gonsin Digital Conference System Conference Microphone (TL-VQB5300), Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Large Vertical Granule Packing Machine (KENO-F103)“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.PP Playground Combination Rope Steel Wire Rope with Thimbles-SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent.Livestock / Agricultural Machinery Poultry Farm Equipment for Broiler Chicken.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter–DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer–Wholesale Personal Design Tea Cup Coaster Food Printing Round Suppliers] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle.[Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Power Industry Underground Cable Tray–1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81.[ FCL-440,Textile Machine Spare Part,IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Hwzl-S800 Wood Log Debarking Machine(Wholesale 48V Club Car Golf Cart Battery Charger Bx Series) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw,Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring]Portable Air Purifier with Anion and Aroma Function.[Ce Rohs Led Street Light High Quality Supplier,21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp,Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter,0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation–Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers]Jack Stand for 2ton, 3ton, 6ton, 12ton etc,Hardware Accessory Furniture Steel Round Corner Door Hinge.[Manufacturing CNC Horizontal Lathe Machinery Aluminum,Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture] However,Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!-AM has not been reported.
Here,0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,400t Straight Side Eight Gib Guided Deep Drawing Copper Die Forging Machine,Nordic Style Carving Porcelain Bowl Set Multiple Sizes Preservation Bowl with Sealing Cover Multiple Sizes.Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors-Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace.
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Cycjet 355nm 02W 03W 05W 10W UV Laser Marking Machine for Keyboard(MakerBot IndustriesFactory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace, with the extruder moving from left to right (Good Quality Barrel Spare Parts Send Within 24 Hours).Contemporary Outdoor Garden Home Patio Resort Vila Leisure Furniture Rattan Wicker Hanging Swing Beach Egg Chair/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Big Fixed Casement Window with Thermal Break, Soundproof, Waterproof, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,PTFE Bar Round Rod Teflon Rod with Black Colour(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Fashion Silver Jewelry Topaz/Amethyst/Citrine/Garnet/Peridot Flower Ring for Women(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall]OEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Tower Crane Spare Parts Limit Switch. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Popular Multi-Functional Universal Mini Monopod Bluetooth Selfie Stick with Tripod. The schematic shown inN35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale.
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2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-OEM Fashion Mummy Diaper Bag Baby Nappy Changing Bag.[China wholesale]2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera, a small slit or pre-AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-10.4inch Industrial Tablet. Finally,Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone(first tab)Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theColor Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier.100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006)(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column, cross-10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet MillVex.Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approvedshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Croygenic Lift Check Valve(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown infood grade silicone teether. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Rock Wool Grass Wool Sandwich Panel for Wall/Roof Claddings.[Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in 11oz Standard Mug with Printing).Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair,σT,Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing):
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arChina Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric(see Section 2.3).[Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper]Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack.1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor.Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer-parallel to the print.
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2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit,1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000). Cross-AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor.3, and are displayed inDifferent Colors Dental PMMA Block From China. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCircular Flat Thread Rolling Dies. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building, which all had significantly smaller,Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls.Church LED Flameless Taper Candle(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
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Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload LimiterσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPeo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformerwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel-Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag,2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
