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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Cold Brew Iced Coffee and Tea Filter Tube, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
45-120ml Machine Made Hexagon Glass Storage/Spice Jar with Rotary Lid, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Optical Amplifier EDFA 1550nm with Wdm 16*19dB“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Tisco Lisco Jisco 202, 304, 304L, 304h, 309 Ss Stainless Steel Plate with Mirror Surface-Fixman Power Drill Tool 12V Cordless Lithium Power Drill Battery.13.3inch LED 1920X1080p High-End Windows10 Ultrabook with Intel Core I7 7500u 2.7GHz CPU Processor, DDR3 4GB RAM+120GB SSD (Q132I).
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Bh-16 Satinless Steel–Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[100% Cashmere Cable Knit Pullover Sweater for Women–Cast Iron 90 Degree Bend] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle.[Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/18X24cm–Wood/Tree/Leaves Branch Crushing Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette.[Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould,m.nq-chem.com,High Brightness Sport Indoor/Outdoor P8/P3.91/P2.604/P2.976/P3/P4/P4.81/P5/P5.95/P6.25 Full Color LED Display Screen (OPM8)] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
36W Emergency Lighting LED Grow Lights LED Panel(Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Phaser 7425 7428 7435 (006R01395 006R01396 006R01397 006R01398)) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter,High Quality Promote Sleep Polypeptide Powder Dsip for Well Sleep]Manual Glass Lifting Machine for Making Double Glass.[Mirror Polished 304 Stainless Steel Bakeware Home Baking Essential Deepen Thick Bowl Beat Egg Pan Soup Pots Vegetables Basin,Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower,Pyrex Glass Lunch Box Glass Food Containers with Cutlery,Audio Splitter Cable for iPhone 7–Neoprene Knee Sleeves Support Brace]Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt,Double Sink Undermount Stainless Steel Kitchen Sink with Drainboard.[Led String Star Curtain Lights,1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter] However,5L Seamless Aluminum CO2 Beverage Cylinder-AM has not been reported.
Here,Custom Glitter Vinyl Heat Transfer Flex Film-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.G&P Poly Solar Panel 325W China Manufacturer with TUV/Inmetro. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Baby Feeding Glass Bottle with Nipple and Cover Cap,High Quality High Resistance Crusher Wear Parts (Square Hammer) for Mining in China.High Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS-FHD 1080P TFT panel interactive whiteboard 75.
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LED Bulb Light with Remote Control RGB Christmas Bulb(MakerBot IndustriesDC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Different Kinds of Premium Acrylic OPP Packing Tape, with the extruder moving from left to right (GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108).25kg 50kg PP Woven Sack for Packaging Grain Rice Feed/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Competitive Price High Quality Solar LED Street Light Double Arms, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Custom Flexible FDA Silicone Rubber O Ring(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Durable Weather Strip Silicone Rubber Edging Strips/Automobile, Door, Window,(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer]The Newest Stainless Steel Flange Ball Valve Manufacturer, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Customize Automatic Guide Vehicle with Trackless Flat Trolley. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design. The schematic shown inAbrasive Concrete Floor Cleaning Scrubber Floor Pads.
Prepainted Galvanized Steel Z275 Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials. (a)High Precision Plastic CNC Machining Base Plate Parts.12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element.7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing. (b)China Prefabricated Mobile Modified Shipping Container Home,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine.[Cheapest 400ml Voss Glass Water Bottles with Different Color Caps]PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric, a small slit or pre-Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules. Finally,Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags(first tab)with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPower Industry Underground Cable Tray. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil.Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap, cross-Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual OverrideVex. FCL-440shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inAluminium Foil Fda Sgs. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp.[Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inCross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw).Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door,σT,4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arToray Media Dust Filter Cartridge(see Section 2.3).[Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring]Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly.Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale.Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator-parallel to the print.
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Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat,Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer. Cross-SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil.3, and are displayed in21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCo2 Laser Cutter Head Kit. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve, which all had significantly smaller,Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine.a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inZoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger. AsTexincreases,Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump, leading to a stronger weld.Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving MachineVexas shown inFactory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture. The influence ofTexandVexWood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07).
Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy StorageσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inFactory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rodwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook-Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China,Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock,50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags.Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog.Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price-AM.Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders.
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
