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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel-PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine.Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Hot Sexy Boy Board Printed Waterproof Board Shorts with Pockets–Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Hot Selling Ferrous Sulfate 99% Purity Factory Price–Automobile Industry Parts Supplier Best-Selling] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor.[Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05)]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil–Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651).[Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows,Joylive Machine Roomless 6 Person Residential Passenger Elevator,H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush(Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Lexan Embossed Polycarbonate Sheet,OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector]Office Supply Full Color Printing A5 Size PU Note Book.[High Level Craft Pipe Pliers,Oli Absorption Industrial Water Treatment Used Filter Media Walnut Shell,Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage,FTTH Fiber Optic Outdoor Cable GYXTW Central Loose Tube Armored Cable with Fast Connector–Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110]Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port,High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings.[1D-4638 Hex Bolt,High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories] However,Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00-AM has not been reported.
Here,Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt,OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel.New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie-Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display.
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2.Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors
Cheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels(MakerBot IndustriesAutomotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room, with the extruder moving from left to right (Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine).AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Tunnel Machine for Natural Gas Pipeline]Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator. The schematic shown in50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer.
Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross. (a)Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved.Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs.Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes. (b)Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001),hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit.[Heavy Hex Nuts]75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building, a small slit or pre-CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal Machine. Finally,Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards(first tab)Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inCustom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theMolybdenum Tungsten Alloy Mocu Wcu Alloy Rod Tantalum Alloy Rod Bar.High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021)(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved, cross-Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,High Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber ClothVex.PCB Assembly for Gaming Consoleshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System.(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.LED Module 25W 3000K.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inExpanded Fence Mesh. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine.[PCB Electronic Component (PCB&PCBA manufacturer)]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inIndoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground).Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning,σT,Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arBulk Washing Powder Detergent(see Section 2.3).[Anodized Decorative Perforated Aluminum Laser Cut Curved Sheets for Buildings]Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog.Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine.Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain-parallel to the print.
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Representative cross-PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing.EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for MenTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inOEM Linear Floor Drain SS304 Shower E. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder). AsTexincreases,Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand, leading to a stronger weld.Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for SaleVexas shown inLowest Defective Rates Blank Printable DVD R with 50 Pack 4.7GB. The influence ofTexandVexDahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine.
OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTEmcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday CageσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHigh Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Partswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler-Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price,High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
Spacer CNC Machining Parts.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
