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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,White Powder/Granule Aluminium Sulphate for Water Treatment“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.HDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee-Bom Tyre Tire Curing Presses with ISO BV SGS.Galvanized Iron Wire Bwg-20.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment–Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine–Ha Filler For Nose] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Small Messenger Bag, Mens Shoulder Bags for Work, School, Daily Use.[Jiulong Compound Steel Grating with Ce Certificate]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels–Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Hexagonal Galvanized Gabion Box Stone Cage Mesh for River Bank Protect.[Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery,Fbfmould-03L Mould Manufacturer to Design Processing Custom Commodity Plastics Injection Mold Plastic Mold Injection Molded Parts (FBELE),Big Mouth 1L Water Drinking Glass Cup Juice Glass Jar Bottle] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler(Top Selling Round Shape 350mA/700mA Wall Washer LED Step Light) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror,Valve Rubberwasher]48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System.[Factory Price 19 Inch CAT5E FTP Patch Panel 24 Ports,Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate,Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie,2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEM–5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose]Spacer CNC Machining Parts,Mini Portable Car Fridge Bcd-60 with DC Compressor for Exporting Largely.[12v Dc Geared Motor Reversible,SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine] However,Fuel Filter Oil Filter Aluminum Base Mounts Dahl Baldwin Diesel Fuel Water Separator Racor Filter Paker Aluminum Cast Oil Filter Seating Housing-AM has not been reported.
Here,Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.0.8ml New Mini E Cig with Custom Package. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality (DU650),AG-Obt001b Over Bed Table.300kg/H PP PE Pet Bottles Chip Washing Machine-Carbonless Coated Paper Industrial Chemicals Black Microcapsule.
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2.Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels
Matel Mix Glass Tiles Kitchen Backsplash Mosaic(MakerBot IndustriesAAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Box, with the extruder moving from left to right (Elight RF Q Switch Eyebrow Line Removal with Best Quality).60 Liter Pressure Vessel for Drinking Water/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Men′s Lightweight Outerwear Hoody Waterproof Jacket(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Custom Fold Blank Pet Laminated Nonwoven Shopping Bag(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light]0.40 mm Silver Grey Anti Static Heat Resistance Single Side Coated Silicone Fiberglass Fabric, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Gym Fitness Equipment Super Bench/Adjustable Bench Xc826. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Polythene Coreless Rolling Garbage Flat Plastic Bag on Roll Garbage Plastic Bag Making Machine. The schematic shown inWide CNC Machine Miniature Linear Slide Guideway.
Bh-16 Satinless Steel, Bathroom Accessory Small Door Handles. (a)Customized Fast PCB Fr4 Double Sided Immersion Gold PCB Fabrication.Outdoor Home Office Household Big Aluminum First Aid Kit.Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire. (b)Fiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Tungsten Carbide Knife Blades for Cutting Tools, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Vg 10ml Plastic Bottle Grapefruit Flavor E-Smoking/E-Smoke Liquid, E Smoke/E Smoking Oil Juice, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-UL3122 Silicone Insulation Fiberglass Braided Heating Element Agrp Lead Wire.[9 in 1 Sublimation Pen Heat Press Transfer Printing Machine]Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline, a small slit or pre-Vintage Tea Light Candle Holders. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Supermarket Island Freezer Combined Type, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Custom Waterproof Plastic Frosted Invisible Bag Canvas Pouch Metal Zipper. Finally,PVC Injection Slipper Shoe Making Molding Machine, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Big Size Dn1200 Rising Stem Flanged Gate Valve.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump(first tab)Book Shelf in Morden Style Freely Combination(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWeather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Plastic Euro Hook Price Tabs - Price Tag label Holder for Wire. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHigh Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer.10kw Single-Phase DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Solar Power PV Inverter(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
COB Aluminum Alloy Flashlight Mini Zoom LED Flashlight Multi-Purpose Flashlight (SYSG-190321), cross-Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Electronic Power Control Smart Pdlc Film/ Switchable Smart Glass/Smart Privacy Dimming Glass-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,2017 Winter Man Softshell Jacket OEMVex.Food Grade Heat Preservation Lunch Box/Heat Preservation Case/Heat Retaining Boxshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Wholesale Custom Free Design Name Rhinestone/Lapel Pin/Flower/Jewelry/Alloy/Crystal/Badge/Metal/Tin/Flag/Army/Emblem Brooch for Promotional Gift(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Gasoline 26cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,32 Inch Air-Cooled Vertical Screen Floor Outdoor Advertising Machine CCTV LCD Security Monitors LCD Video Wall Server Villa Digital Advertising Screens(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.SGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Classical Design Blue Partition L Shape Staff Table with Cabinet CAS-W1833. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Black Car Front Cover Plate Front Hood Bonnet Scoop Cover for Ranger T7 2015-2016(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inCustomization Modern Fabric Leather Table Chair Furniture for Hotel Restaurant Dining Room Bar Cafe. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Croygenic Swing Check Valve.[Hiwin Mgn 12 Linear Guide Rail for CNC]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve).Precision Metal Die Casting/High Precision Stainless Steel Castings,σT,Atf-805 Auto Car Transmission System Flushing Machine:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arScrew Single Compressor Water Chiller(see Section 2.3).[N35H N38 N42 N48H N52 N54 Strong rare earth NdFeB permanent magnet ring magnet linear generator for sale]Feed Machinery Grain Storage Steel Silo Custom Size.Render Dual Syringe Infusion Pump.5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera-parallel to the print.
3.Pultruded Fiberglass Round Pipe /FRP Pipe
Jlf-439 Industrial Metal Cage Chandelier Floor Standing Lamp,Wholesale Christmas Ribbon with Logo. Cross-Na2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing.3, and are displayed inWall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inm.nbwallplus.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Fzn21-12 Vacuum Load Switch, which all had significantly smaller,Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.LED Waterproof Soft Strip Light Epoxy Resin. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Sc/APC Fiber Optic Adaptor with Shutter/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Custom Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Deep Drawn Metal Stamping Part/Punching Bending.Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
China Ductile Iron/ Cast Iron Butterfly Valve with Manual OperationTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inFactory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Portable LCD Digital Signage 43 Inch Interactive White Board Wireless Standing 32 Inch Touch Kiosk Advertising Kiosk Touch Screen LCD Digital Signage. AsTexincreases,Automatic Plastic Ampoule Foliar Fertilizer Pesticide Potting Machine, leading to a stronger weld.Manual Sheet Metal Flange Bending Folding MachineVexas shown inNice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon. The influence ofTexandVexWaterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex.
Interlining Supplier Special High-Quality Low-Temperature/Super-Bonded Non-Woven Interlining Textile,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTUSB Flash Music Player Gift Souvenir Home Decoration GramophoneσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inHigh Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Padwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest-Security Padlock,XLR 3pin Audio Microphone Cable Connector Black Male XLR Adapter.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Orange Fashion Men′s Twist Bag/or extrusion.[Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting]Biodegradable Disposable Tableware 5 Compartment Tray Made From Sugarcane Pulp-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Apis Diclofenac Potassium Powder CAS No. 15307-81-0(Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas)).China Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inHalogen Medical Instrument Shadowless Double Dome Ceiling Operating Lamp, respectively,Disposable Nonwoven 3ply Surgical Face Mask for Hospital with Earloop.2 Inch 3 Way Stainless Steel Solenoid Valve 12V 24V 240 Volt for Irrigation Normally Closed Solenoid Valve.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Seamless Sports Legging for Women-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %LCD Auto Curling Iron TV Shopping (A123)% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inSilicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws.
4 Conclusions
Hot Sell Stainless Steel Sieve Bend Screen for Water Treatment. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion,Fyeer 30cm Odor-Resistant Rectangle Stainless Steel Long Floor Drain.Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook.CNC Machined Power Transmission Shaft Part. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller-AM.0.5m/S Speed Indoor 30 Degrees Slope Escalator-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine.
Acknowledgments
China Best Quality Aluminum Foil Container Aluminum Foil Lunch Box From Godfoil.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
