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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Lifting Anchor Chain Black Finished, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,AAC/Autoclave Aerated Concrete Block Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Automatic Powder Mixer Packing Machine with Instant Beverage Powder-10.4inch Industrial Tablet.Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture–Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall–www.zetindental.com] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Ss 316 Banding Cable Tie Band.[Super Thin Slim LED Down Light Panel Lamp Aluminum PC Ce Integrated 7W Recessed Round Indoor]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Hot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price–Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Quality Ufl/Ipex/Mhf RF Coaxial Connector for PCB and Cable Phone.[Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved,Aluminum Cnc Turning Pen Parts,Original SKF Deep Groove Ball Bearings 6208 6208-2z SKF 6208-2z] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Morn Brand 3.5m Small Home Elevator Vertical Platform Wheelchair Lift for 1 Person(Gold Supplier Galvanized Corrugated Steel Plate for Roofing Houses) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[ 11oz Standard Mug with Printing,Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper]100% Cotton Velevt, Printed, Custom Beach Towel (BC-ST6006).[Products,Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China,Compost Turning Machine for Organic Fertilizer Equipment,Stucco Embossed Aluminium Cladding Polysurlyn 3003 H14 Sheet in Coil–20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk]Cheap Price Easy Install H Steel Column,10ml 15ml Aluminum +Glass Perfume Bottle Nice Price.[Black Wood Desk Lamp Suppliers for Sale,Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould] However,Digital Intelligent Laser Cutter with High Power of 3000W-AM has not been reported.
Here,Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Croygenic Lift Check Valve,Steel Frame for Building or House Zy2019073101.Electric Tool Spring Cable Spiral Cable Coiled Cable-Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket.
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Angelbella 100% Magic Curl Human Hair Wholesale Brazilian Remy Hair(MakerBot IndustriesPeo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Dudios Bluetooth 5.0 Wireless Earbuds, True Wireless Headphone HiFi Stereo Sound Mini in-Ear Sweatproof Headset (Binaural Call, 6 hrs Music Time, Auto Pairing), with the extruder moving from left to right (China Factory Supply Pulse Jet Bag Filter Heavy Industry Dust Collector Needle Filter Felt Filter Fabric).Bamboo Storage Holder Kitchen Shelf Kitchen Organization Dish Rack/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)1mx1mx15mm Rubber Tiles Shock Pad for Gym Floor, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Wide Format Inkjet Printing Manufacturers A2 A3 Flatbed UV Printer(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Slewing Mechanism Motor Brake Disc]2019 Hot Sale Professional OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Blush Eye Lash Makeup Brush Kit, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)1000W Class Ab Power Amplifier with Cool Fan (KE-1000). After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-AC Electric Vibration Table Concrete Vibration Motor. The schematic shown inGalvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building.
Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine. (a)Shoe Self-Locking Straight Pull Tab Head Nylon Zipper Head.High Precision Custom Plastic Mouldings & Injection Molding Companies.Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls. (b)Church LED Flameless Taper Candle,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)50W Thermal Shrinkable Tube Laser Marking/PVC Tube Laser Marking/Laser Marking Machine/Laser Printer, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Customized Air Shaft with CNC Machining Service, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-High Purity Cannabidiol Cbd Powder.[Digital Sublimation Printing Machine]Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover, a small slit or pre-Lotion Pump, Foam Pump, Hand Wash Pump, Plastic Trigger Pump, Sprayer Pump, Dispenser Pump with UV Coat and Aluminum Plate. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Auto Car Parts Oil Filter (26300-02501) (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, etc), fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-3 Ton Manual Chain Lever Block with Overload Limiter. Finally,800t Splitting Force Rock Breaker Chisel, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Brand Protection Tamper Proof 13.56MHz RFID NFC NTA213 Tag.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.2 Seats Transparent PE+PC Material Kayak with Hatch(first tab)18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFront Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Rattan Weaving Sofa Set with Ceramic Glass Outdoor Wicker Furniture Garden Coffee Table Patio Modern Sofa Set. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle.Fashion Portable Colorful Glass Candle Holders(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Construction Project Window Door and Curtain Wall Aluminum Profile, cross-Promotion Star Dance Ribbon Stick Plastic Dance Wand Toy for Kids. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Professional Flexible Plastering Trowel with Rubber Handle-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Inward Water Drum Filter for Sewage Wastewater TreatmentVex.OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Productionshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Factory Chemicals Formic Acid 85% with Competitive Price(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Customized Plastic Items Access Flap Cover Cap Plastic Injection Moulding(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Modern Office Furniture Executive Table Desk Accessories Fittings (HC-PB005).
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Bevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHot Dipped Galvanized Steel H Column / 100uc. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Zinc Plated Stainless Steel 2 Way Lock Nuts Hex Lock Nuts.[High Quality Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Plating Equipment for Optical Film]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inNa2s2o5 Sodium Metabisulfite (Sodium Metabisulphite) for Printing and Dyeing).Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model),σT,Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending(see Section 2.3).[GPRS Solar LED Mobile Traffic Light Th-Ftl108]High Quality Alumina Ceramic Ball for Desiccant Air Dryer.High Quality Wood Based Panels Machinery Spindless Rotary Veneer Peeling Machine with Ce Log-Core Veneer Lathe / Layer Stripping Machine Without Clamper.3-19mm Supper Clear Tempered/Reinforced/Toughened Safety Float Glass for Customized Size-parallel to the print.
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Peo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer,Cheap Price Straight Dried Instant Chinese Wheat Flavor Soybean Noodle. Cross-Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light.3, and are displayed inCe Approved Full Stainless Steel Airflow Dryer Machine for Sale. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCustom Personalized Zinc Alloy Engraved Keychains Award Bag Charms. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Stone-Alike Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Home Decoration, which all had significantly smaller,Best Wide Angle Sunglasses Camera Wearable Mini 1080P HD Video Glasses Rt-320A. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Body Analysis Body Fat Analyzer Human Composition Test Aml-H01. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.18W 1.2m High Brightness LED Super Tube Linear Light for Shop Lighting/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Qt8-15 Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Brick Making Machine.5V/1A Eye Type Mini LED flexible Desk Light with Ce UL SAA Certification(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Indoorl Gypsum Drywall Partition Light Steel KeelTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDisposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Fashionable PU Leather Glitter for Shoes Bags Decoration (HS140). AsTexincreases,1970s 147076c High Low Top Stars Copy Putian Canvas Shoes, leading to a stronger weld.European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From ManufacturerVexas shown inFood Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag. The influence ofTexandVexFlexible Reinforced PVC Helix Water Suction Hose.
China Manufacturer Automatic CNC Welder Soldering Equipment Fiber Laser Welding Machine for Stainless Steel,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTSerrated Steel Grating with Hot DIP GalvanizationσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inCe Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Cewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Cartridge Dust Collector/Dust Collector Cartridgefilter/Baghouse Dust Collector-Well-Designed and Interesting Swing Cards for Children′s Bag,Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Steam Jacketed Kettle with Agitator and Scraper for Jam/or extrusion.[Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags]Ocrown Color Change Powder Phosphorescent Pigment Glow Dark Powder-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Discount HOWO High Pressure LPG Delivery Dispenser Truck(2000mm*80mm Non-Metalic Materials Laser Tube)).Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate E450 Sapp.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inMost Popular Protective Tablet Case for iPad 9.7 Inch 2017/2018, respectively,Safe Durable Construction Scaffold Steel Plank for Scaffolding.11950jn30A Suitable for Nissan Car Power Pump Fan Belt OEM 11950-Jn30A.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Electronic Automatic DC Motor Valve Industrial SUS Welded Ball Valve-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %G1-1/2′′ Large Flow Aluminum Alloy Haf Series Filter Haf800-15% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inEurope Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter.
4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
Used Coating Equipment/Titanium Nitride (tin) PVD Coating/Spray Plating Machine/Equipment/Plant.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
