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Addit Manuf.Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:OEM Custom 5 Axis CNC Machining Turning Stainless Steel Products
PMCID:PMC5726274
NIHMSID:NIHMS915390
PMID:Single Flavor Soft Serve Ice Cream Making Machine with Pump

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Associated Data

3D Printer Use Small Bearing Support Units Sfu1610 Ballscrew

Abstract

a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger-Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump.Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[40 FT 3 Axle Heavy Duty Semi Trailer–2 Box Adjustable Row Hand Held Corn Planter] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[ETL Ce Approved Ski Heating Bag Warm Sports Bags–Video Recording Hunting Camera] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07).[Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Sunifiram CAS 314728-85-3–Stock Siemens 808d 3/4/5 Axis Vertical CNC Milling Lathe Machine 600/850/1100mm] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery.[Us Smart WiFi APP Control Electric Curtain Switch,www.thyaohua.com,Price Elbow PVC 6 Stainless-Steel-Pipes Seamless Steel Pipe Guangzhou] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage(High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Sintered Mo-La Molybdenum Rod with Wholesale Price,Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board]Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China.[Remote Control Arm/Disarm/Unlock/Lock Car GPS Tracker Central Lock,Slide Restaurant Dumbwaiter Lift Elevator,3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber  ABS PLA Wood Printer,900ml Liquor/Spirits/Vodka/Whisky/Rum/Water/Brandy/Wine Glass Bottle–Gpon Ont WiFi Ont 1ge+1fe+WiFi+CATV Gpon ONU]Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade,Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair.[10 20 30 40 Inch Sintered Metal Stainless Steel Cartridge Filter for Oil Industry Filtration,Fully Automatic Battery Chicken Layer Cage Sale for Sri Lanka Poultry Farm] However,Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card-AM has not been reported.

Here,Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Waterproof Melamine Chipboard,Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer.Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06-Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part.

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2.Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food

New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock(MakerBot IndustriesHandheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags, with the extruder moving from left to right (Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog).Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Yf Series PVC WPC Wide Door Panel Plastic Board Profile Extruding Machine]30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine. The schematic shown inPU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale. (a)Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw.18oz  Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office  Bottle.Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls. (b)Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box.[Anon 4mz-3 3 Rows Cotton Stalk Silage Combine Harvester]Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase, a small slit or pre-PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings. Finally,High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work(first tab)Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inBevel Gearbox of 90m Finishing Mill-1117-08. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in thePlastic NFC Mini Tag Woven Fabric RFID Bracelet Wristband.ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price, cross-Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical DrillingVex.Emsco F-800 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwestshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Needle for Crochet Machine(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inOEM Rigid SMT PCB Assembly Printed Circuit Board PCB Manufacture. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly.[FRP Profile Made in China]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFactory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve).Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves,σT,Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arMulti-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated(see Section 2.3).[8oz Portable Food Grade PP Baby Feeding Milk Bottle]Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves.Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05).Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine-parallel to the print.

3.1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe

Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou,Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip. Cross-Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter.3, and are displayed inCredit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inPneumatic 3 Way Diaphragm Control Valve. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle, which all had significantly smaller,Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould.Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching ConnectorTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inHigh Frequency Single / Three Phase 6kVA 10kVA 15kVA 20kVA Online UPS. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale. AsTexincreases,Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll, leading to a stronger weld.300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood LightingVexas shown inFiber Laser Machine Mild Steel Pipe Cutter with Good Manufacturer Maanshan Factory. The influence ofTexandVexPromotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement DoorσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inQ235 Steel Bar Floor Gratingwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment-China Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale,Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female).

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover/or extrusion.[High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal]Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules(High Quality Pure Sine Wave Inverter 5kw Solar Power Inverter / Hybrid Inverter)).Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inFactory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration, respectively,Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety.Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCustomized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger.

4 Conclusions

600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer,Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder.3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag.Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine-AM.Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair.

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Supplementary Material

Tear Video

etc)(1.0M, MP4)

Acknowledgments

Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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22.ASTM D 1004 - 3,M3/M6/M10/M15/M30  Harbin Alloy  Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger  for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler.2003;i:1–7. doi: 10.1520/D1922-09.2.[6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel][30HP Industrial Air Cooled Water Chillers for Beer Fermentation Tank]
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