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Addit Manuf.a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making; available in PMC 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Addit Manuf. 2017 Aug; 16: 162–166.
Published online 2017 Jun 17.doi:Easy Assemble Venlo Type Glass Greenhouse for Agricultural
PMCID:PMC5726274
NIHMSID:NIHMS915390
PMID:China Gibberellic Acid

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Associated Data

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Abstract

Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07)“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery-155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage.High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook.

Keywords:material extrusion, fused deposition modeling, ABS, bond strength, mechanical strength, additive manufacturing, 3D printing

1 Introduction

Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Galvanized Steel Structure Warehouse Construction Building–New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Rubber Crawler Water Cooled Diesel Engine Reaper Binder–Lab Vulcanization Autoclave] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China.[Psa Nitrogen Generator 99.99% for Laser Cutting]

Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override–Screw Single Compressor Water Chiller] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade.[OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts,ISO Grade High Quality PPGI Gi Colorful Galvanize Steel Coil,Hire LED Screen Aluminium Die Casting Ultra Light HD P4.81] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.

Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair(Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[French Fry Scoop Cardboard Box (PTA0013),4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery]Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer.[Copy Leather Handbag Crocodile Skin,China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine,Q195 11 Gauge-20 Gauge Galvanized Low Carbon Galvanized Binding Steel Wire,Five Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door–Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler]Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould,Waterproof Melamine Chipboard.[Colorful Fox Tail Stainless Steel Butt Plug Anal Plug Sex Toy,Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle] However,Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer-AM has not been reported.

Here,Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts,Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food.New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock-50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags.

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Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price(MakerBot IndustriesFiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress, with the extruder moving from left to right (China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders).30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.

Custom G-PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet]Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-18oz  Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office  Bottle. The schematic shown inGuick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f1.jpg

Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water. (a)2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine.1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube.Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box. (b)Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.

2.2 Weld tearing force

The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings.[Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture]High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12, a small slit or pre-Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.

Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building. Finally,Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.

For the modified approach presented here,ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price(first tab)Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theVickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump.T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling(max load capacity of 35 N).

2.3 Cross-section morphology

Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System, cross-DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV Light. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Crack-opening force measurement

T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air DryerVex. Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometershows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Needle for Crochet Machine(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f2.jpg

Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves.

Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inPolypropylene BOPP Film Horizontal Slitting Rewinding Machine. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves.[Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory]

3.2 Weld strength determination

By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inPet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine).Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05),σT,Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine:

σT=FTar

whereFTis the average tearing force and 2ar1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe(see Section 2.3).[Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10]Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou.Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip.Europe Warehouse 250W Two Wheel Waterproof Cheap Adult Mobility off Road Kick Folding Fast China Electric Scooter-parallel to the print.

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Best PP Milk Feeding Bottle for Feeding Newborn Baby,4 Layers 1000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding Machiery. Cross-Disposable Medical Scrub Suits Pajama Patient Gown.3, and are displayed in2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown in40% Carbon Fiber HDPE. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,High Quality Pet Preform /Water Bottle Preform/ Pet Preform Bottle Mould, which all had significantly smaller,Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f3.jpg

Representative cross-Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet Roll.300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f4.jpg

Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.

Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top CapTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inSMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with Logo. AsTexincreases,Hopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door, leading to a stronger weld.Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water TreatmentVexas shown inRed PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves. The influence ofTexandVexChina Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for Sale.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is nihms915390f5.jpg

Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female),σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσT2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion CoverσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.

Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inDecorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261)were recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts-Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules,Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould.

3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength

The strength of MatEx-Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration/or extrusion.[Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)]Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent(Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model))).Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inVanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak, respectively,600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile.High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inPassenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard.

4 Conclusions

Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine,Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine.Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair.Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed. This measurement technique is a straightforward,E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station-AM.M3/M6/M10/M15/M30  Harbin Alloy  Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger  for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle.

Acknowledgments

High Purity Aluminum Ingot with Low Price for Sale.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.

Footnotes

†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.

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22.ASTM D 1004 - 3,Low Price China Manufacturer Closed Type Water Cooling Tower.2003;i:1–7. doi: 10.1520/D1922-09.2.[Weather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring][High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer]
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