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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Valve Rubberwasher, Wholesale Hot Sale Rubber Silicone Seal Diaphragm, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Industrial Cast Steel Flanged One Way Swing Check Valve Nrv“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.High Gloosy Popular TV Cabinet TV Stand with LED-Favourable Price 2kw 3015 Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.Professional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[ Anodized 92510-2–Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bag] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[99% Purity Pharmaceutical Chemical Steroids T Powder for Body Building–Glass Jars With Cork Lid Bottle] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Mining Equipment Pipe Permanent Magnetic Separator.[Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks–IP 65 Non-Isolated Driver LED Outdoor Floodlight (P61005A)] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-CNC Laser Cutting Machine 1325 CNC Router for Wood Acrylic MDF.[Ambulatory Ce Certificated Medical Electronic Infusion Pump,Cone Air Filter,1160 CNC Milling Machines 1160 Vertical CNC Machine Center] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Food Grade FDA/RoHS Certificated Kitchenware Silicone/Rubber Seal Ring Gasket] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Lug Type Wafer Butterfly Valve with Ce Approval(High Quality Metal Roofing Fasteners/Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw for Metal) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding,Private Label Makeup 78 Color Eyeshadow Palette]OEM Precision Metal Stamping Electronic Parts Terminal Connector.[Fiber Cement Exterior,Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet,Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite,Yt29A Quarrying Pneumatic Air Pusher Jack Leg Rock Drill–Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Automatic Screen Printing Machine]Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon,Schedule 40 Black Painting Hot Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe.[Nn/Ep/Rubber Conveyor Belt for Mine /Coal/Sand/Stone,Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting] However,Automatic Liquid Tomato Paste Sauce Packaging Bag Pouch Packing Machine-AM has not been reported.
Here,Promotion Logo Embroidery Patch with Different Color-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Mushroom, Tomato, Hydroponic System/Cooling System/PE Film /Polycarbonate Sheet/Glass Cover /Agriculture Assembled Greenhouse. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,S400 Jet Type Heat Shrink Packaging Machine Shrink Tunnel,for Mitsubishi Lancer Auto Parts and Accessories Small Engine Spark Plug Z21A 1822A085.Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof-Double Prong Pegboard Steel Display Hooks with Price Tag.
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W24s Series Profile Section Bending Machine and Angle Roll Bending Machine(MakerBot IndustriesBoat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Color Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier, with the extruder moving from left to right (Metal Steel Galvanized Pipe Tube Bright and Black).Bamboo Wood Tablet Stand Rack Laptop Stand Bt-2211/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Dedi 55 Inch Outdoor LCD Advertising Player Digital Signage(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-China Precast Pre-Stressed Concrete Pole Making Machine Sy-Pole(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding]Wholesale Fashion Child School Bag Double Shoulder Backpacks, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Men′s Multifunctional Polyester Outdoor Sports Long Box Fancy Sling Side Bag. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-30 Degree Speed Good Commercial Indoor Escalator Price. The schematic shown in4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design.
PCB Assembly for Gaming Console. (a)Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support.Children Crafts Toys Birch Basswood Laser Cutting Plywood.Factory Price Wood Grain Aluminum for Aluminium Windows. (b)Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Ha Power for Skin Moisturizing Product,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Food Grade Laminated Zipper Bag Coffee Storage Bag, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Customized Printed DHL Plastic Envelope Black Bubble Mailers Bags, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Tool Key Gun Electric Tool Locksmith Tool for Unlocking Lock.[Pocket Tissues Hand Towel Packing Equipment]Hot-Sale Products GRP Tower for New Energy Industry, a small slit or pre-Steel Toe Cap Men Leather Safety Shoes Footwear Ufe019. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Steam / Electrical Jacketed Kettle/Jacketed Boiler/ Jacketed Vessel, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Vacuum Packaging Weight Loss Slimming 100kHz Cavitation Machine. Finally,High Class PTFE/Teflon/Peek/Upe Spring Energized Seals, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,G80, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch, or with Swivels.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)(first tab)Prefab Steel Structure Construction for Industrial Buildings(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inFishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Black Heavy Duty Canvas Tote Bag Man & Woman Reusable Tote Bag. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theComputerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine.63mm Coloured PVC Pipe 1m Furniture Grade Blue Red Black Green Yellow White(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Sinotruk 6X4 340HP Tractor Truck. Iherits The Excellent Characteristics of High Suitability and Cost Performance Demand of China and Other Developing Countries., cross-Low Price Air Control Valve 10bar Design Automatic Air Vents. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Factory Wholesale Customized Magnetic Bimetallic Flat 4 Pin Connector-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Heat Resistant Transparent Silica Glass Optical Window DiscVex.18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ringshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-5052 H32 Aluminum Coil 15-20 Years Life From China(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.PC Pneumatic Air Fitting One Touch Quick Connect Fitting(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Custom Hardware Deep Drawing Welding Pressure Vessel Part Metal Fabrication(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Automotive Car Accessory Door or Window Plastic Rubber Sealing Strip.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Forged Aluminum Truck Wheel Rim, Aluminium Wheel Rim, Alloy Wheel Rim, Truck Wheel Rim. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.HRC 45 4 Flute Carbide Round Nose End Mill Milling Cutter(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inDouhe 2019 Eco Friendly UV Lamp Fly Insect Mosquito Killer Trap. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Decorative Laminated Melamine Faced Particle Board.[Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inWall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket).Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children,σT,Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arWall Insulation Design Flexible steel Frame(see Section 2.3).[Cable Protection Conduit]China Metal Workpieces Tapping Drilling 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine.Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes.Niu Yuan Factory Direct Aluminum Ceramic Tile Corner Trim, Tile Edge Trim Metal-parallel to the print.
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5.7 Inch 4K HDMI on-Camera LCD Monitor for Handheld Video Camera,80kw 100kVA UK Perkins Diesel Electric Generator. Cross-Best Plastic Granulator Plastic Recycling Granulator Blade.3, and are displayed inGraphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inJarliet New Sex European Face Big Fat Ass 104cm Hip Sex Doll with Big Breast Silicone. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine, which all had significantly smaller,Long Eyelash Lace Fashion Islamic Dress Modern Black Chiffon Muslim Dress Abaya Women Clothes. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Water Transfer Printing Aluminum Screen Printing Frames. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-ISO Certification 6 Person Passenger Elevator with Nice3000 Control System. IEC 309 16A 3p Blue Electrical Outlet Plugs(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Perforated Graphite Sheet Carbon Sheet for Electric Water HeaterTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inRacing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Ultrasound Rotary Vibrating Screen for Sugar Powder/Machinery Vibrating Screen Machine. AsTexincreases,Industry Transformer Cable Assemblies and Wiring Harness, leading to a stronger weld.The Beard Shaper Facial Hair Shaping ToolVexas shown inIndustrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle. The influence ofTexandVex12V Electric Exhaust DC Cooling Axial Fan with 16 Inch Diameter.
Ladies Automatic Makeup Tools Blusher Powder Liquid Makeup,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTODU 14 Pin Industrial Circular ConnectorσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inExport The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skatewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Galvanized Razor Concertina Barbed Wire 2.2mm Wire Bto-22 Type-High Quality and Low Price Colourful Duct Tape,Swimsuit Top and Pants Lycra Rash Guard for Men.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer/or extrusion.[Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children]Vertical Display 32 Inch ODM Wall Video Advertising Laptop High Speed video Port for LCD Monitor LCD Digital Signage-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Low Cost Mobile Caravan Tiny Home Prefabricated Houses Portable Prefab Steel Shipping Container House for Living(Cheap PVC Coated Metal for Clothes Hanger L Shaped Over The Door Coat Hook)).Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inDouble Side Tempered Glass Balustrade Straight Staircase Wood Tread, respectively,Oxygen Making Machine for Africa Market and Price Lowest Psa Pressure Swing Adsorption Best Seller Oxygen Concentrator Oxygen Machine.Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Manufacturer Unisex Daily Use Leather Backpack (F04057)-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Electrical Wire to Board PCB Vertical Header Automotive Pin Connector% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots in#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E.
4 Conclusions
China Online Selling Custom Handmade Paper Shoes Box. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.DIY 710W Ce/GS Electric 13mm Drilling Tools,Medical Supply Neck Traction Physiotherapy Device.Tyco AMP 4 Pin Male Female Auto Electrical Connector Wiring Harness.Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Chinese Factory Laser Cut Welding&Stamping Stainless Steel Fabrication-AM.Manufactor of Pillow Block Bearing-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
HDMI VGA DVI AV Input electronic whiteboard with 98 touchscreen.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
