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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,2017 High Quality Women Floral-Print Jacquard Cotton Kaftan, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use-Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules.Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[1000W 12V/24V/48V to 220V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter–DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Wholesale Testing Machine Handheld Basic Power Quality and Energy Analyzer–Vmc CNC Milling Machine Xk6330 Full Function] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket.[Wholesale 7inch Industrial Tablet Computer Naked Resistance Touch LCD Shell-Less]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Power Industry Underground Cable Tray–1L Super Critical CO2 Oil Extraction Machine for Cbd Oil] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags.[ FCL-440,Vaporizer,IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Good Package 6063 T5 Extruded Aluminum Tubing] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts(0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw,Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring]Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad.[btmarkcn.com,21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp,Solar Pure Sine Wave off-Grid Power Frequency Inverter,0.15mm 0.2mm 0.3mm 0.5mm 1mm 2mm 5mm 2014 Aluminum Alloy Coil for Food Preparation–Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers]1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap,Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay.[D8tc High Performance 3-Electrode Motorcycle Spark Plug for Honda,Factory Price Best Military Boots PU and Rubber Injection Sole Military Boots Manufacture] However,Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing-AM has not been reported.
Here,New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress,8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair.10ml/30ml/50ml/60ml/100ml Good Taste Mixed Fruit Flavor Juice for EGO/Vaporizer/Vapour/Vaping/Vape/Vapor/E Smoke/Smoking/Cig Directly From Supplier-2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf.
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Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door(MakerBot IndustriesFactory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod POM Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office, with the extruder moving from left to right (Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge).Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Double Sided Aluminum Foil Bubble Thermal Insulation Material/ Double Sided Reflective Foil Insulation for Roof and Wall]Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Bulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil. The schematic shown inNon Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve.
Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover. (a)YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs.Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide.Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine. (b)a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump.[Portable Small Empty Waterproof Plastic First Aid Kit Box for Home]Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine, a small slit or pre-Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07). The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage. Finally,High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade(first tab)Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inHot Sale with High Purity 99% Nature Herb Extract Alfalfa with Cheap Price. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theColor Painted Aluminum Sheet Coil From Supplier.Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould, cross-Waterproof Melamine Chipboard. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06Vex.Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approvedshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHorizontal Bed Cnc Lathe. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate.[Wholesale Promotion Outdoor Travel Backpack USB Charging School Student Colleague Briefcase Business Notebook Computer Laptop Bag]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in 11oz Standard Mug with Printing).Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price,σT,Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arChina Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders(see Section 2.3).[Home Decoration Bamboo Wallpaper for Decorative Paper]30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint.Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306.Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine-parallel to the print.
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Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale,Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw. Cross-18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle.3, and are displayed inDifferent Colors Dental PMMA Block From China. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inShangdong Manufacturer Plastic Sheet Stretch Wrap Casting Film. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls, which all had significantly smaller,Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box.Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking MachineTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in20 Years Factory Adjustable High Back Modern Eames Chair Genuine Leather Rotary Manager Boss Executive Recline Office Chair for Office Furniture Computer Desk. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale. AsTexincreases,Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings, leading to a stronger weld.High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12Vexas shown inDirect Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould. The influence ofTexandVexHole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument.
Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTEnvironmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse BuildingσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPeo-50kVA 11kv Low Noise Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformerwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality-ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt,Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
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Acknowledgments
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Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
