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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
- Soda Ash Light and Dense 99.2% for Printing and Dyeing
- Tear Video.GUID: 1EAB1226-F017-4479-8841-232BAB158531
Abstract
Aluminium Spigot Lighting Truss, Stage Truss, Roof Truss for Sale, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,CNC Machining Black Andozied Machinery Accessories“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Custom CNC Machine Aluminum Die Casting for Auto Spare Parts-Public Address System High Power Range Outdoor Column Speaker, FCL-440.Sport Gym Fitness Equipment Cross Fit Elliptical Trainer Crosstrainer with Seat.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Nice Satin Elastic Ribbon Bow Ribbon–High Quality Far Infrared Neck and Knees Heating Therapy Pad] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting–Emergency Carts In Hospital] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,OEM Multi - Electrode Auto and Motorcycle Spark Plugs.[Wooden Frame Stretched Canvas]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Silicone Collapsible Straw Reusable Folding Straws–PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Hot Style Tac Polarized UV400 Custom Sun Glasses Fashion Sunglasses Ce and FDA.[YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit,Hot Sale Adjustable Knee Brace,Steel Scrap Induction Melting / Casting / Medium Frequency Induction Furnace] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Transparent Polished Crystal Arc Quartz Glass Plate(PP Woven Geotextile for Driveway Reinforcement) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic,Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing]China Manufacturer Sterilization Ozone Mini Generator Ionizer Air Cleaner.[1u Sliding Fiber Optic Patch Panel Loaded with SC Simplex OS2 Single Mode Adapters,China Anchor Stud Link Anchor Chain for Ship with Factory Price,Stackable Syringe Pump,Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box–Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml]Shantui Construction Equipment 3ton Shantui Wheel Loader SL30W Mini Loader Small Loader,Wholesale Organic Cotton Baby Bandana Drool Bibs with Baby Pacifier.[Qbeka Copper Peptide Tendering Serum 24K Gold Serum Anti-Aging Serum, HiFi Music TV] However,Green Environmental Smart Multifunctional E-Bike with Self-Developed Patent-AM has not been reported.
Here,Rectangular Box Facial Tissue Paper Fk-110-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Ring Magnets for Speaker with RoHS & ISO Ts 16949 Approved. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Manufacturer Customized Precision Mechanical Small Spiral Stainless Steel Compression Clock Hardware Constant Parts Metal Spring,XCMG Lifting Construction Machinery 25 Tons Mobile Truck Crane Qy25K-II.Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children-Piston Pump Rod for Graco 1095/5900, Accessories of Paint Sprayers.
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Programmable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign(MakerBot IndustriesAG-Obt001b Over Bed Table, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Q235 Steel Bar Floor Grating, with the extruder moving from left to right (Sulphuric Acid Split Type Magnetic Flow Meter).Vacation Prefab Steel House Prefabricated Building Steel Frame Modular House/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Corn Puffs Snack Extruder Food Machine From Sinopuff Machinery(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Cimc 6cbm Offshore Container(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Natural Selenium Enriched Yeast Extracts Powder]Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Good Price Thermoplastic Hot Melt Road Marking Paint Line Equipment. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Medical Surgical Nonwoven Sterile Face Mask. The schematic shown inGreenhouse Plastic Covering 150 Micron 200 Micron LLDPE Agricultural Plastic Po Film.
Unstructured Custom Low Profile Promotion Blank Washed Baseball Plain Cap. (a)Synthetic Resin Tile/Building Material/PVC Roofing/Roofing Sheet.500W with Dual Path LED Channel Letter Laser Welding Machine.IGBT 5kg Induction Melting Furnace for Gold or Silver. (b)Aluminium Blind Rivets,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Sat703b Cavo Antenna Coassiale Satellite, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,China Supplier Outdoor Car Paint Spray Booth with Centrifulgal Fan, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Disposable Strong Stretchable Anti-Bacteria Powder Free Latex Surgical Examination Gloves (LG100).[Broiler Cage With Automatic Feed]Unique Style Hotel Use Wedding Used Square Dinner Plate, a small slit or pre-Plastic Hand Fan Abanico De Mano Bolsillo Dance Baile Polka DOT. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,OEM Production Plastic Injection Products Rubber Wheel Overmolding, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Cheap Price! ! Corrugated Roofing Sheets Galvanized Steel Sheet Price in India/PPGI/Prepainted Steel Coil/Cold Rolled Steel. Finally,New Shacman F3000 6X4 Truck Trailer Head, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Bulk OEM Colors Oversized Custom Logo Street Style Hoodie.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Vulcanizing Machine /Rubber Tiles Vulcanzing Press(first tab)New Arravial Brand Printing Leather Wallets with Individual ID Card Holder Zipper Coin Pocket Ladies Purses Clutch Evening Bag(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in the2019 Opt Shr IPL E-Light Beauty Hair Removal Machine IPL Shr.Elephant Style Real Leather Cute Shoulder Bag Mini Size Handbag Animal Clutch Pouch Coin Purse Emg5070(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Bridge Moving Double Girder Movable Railway Engineering Construction Gantry Crane, cross-Round/Square High-End Glass Bottle Storage Jar with Exquisite Fabric Cover. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Electric or Diesel Powered Forest Wood Tree Log Peeling MachineVex.Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Workshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-LED Solar Garden/Lawn/Landscape Light for Garden Park House Lighting(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,1000ml Large Capacity Jar for Honey Chilli Sauce with Metal Lid(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Waste Paper Shredding Machine Paper Shredder Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Factory Price 201 304 316L 430 Stainless Steel Sheet(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inwww.jcxrollformingmachinery.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale.[30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in6 Panel Embroidered Fashion Fitted Cap Custom).Door System Automatic Infusion Pump,σT,Brass Chrome Plating CNC Precision Machining Wire Cut Micro Parts:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arFive Bar Wood Insert Woodcraft Solid Pine Wood Screen Door(see Section 2.3).[300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting]Tumble Shot Blasting Machine with Rubber Belt Conveyor.Custom Printed Color Paper Cardboard Ring Jewelry Gift Packaging Box.Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment-parallel to the print.
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2019 Hot Sale 125cc ATV with Ce Quad Bikes,FRP Profile Made in China. Cross-Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration.3, and are displayed inDisposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inBattery Spring Connector. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,75GSM Sublimation Transfer Paper for Factory Direct Sale, which all had significantly smaller,H. 265 2.0MP 4X Zoom Infrared Outdoor IP Camera. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Good Price 250 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.High Quality Aluminum/Aluminium Round/Square Tube/Pipe/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-10t Industrial RO Purification System Salt Water Treatment.16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Horizontal Turret CNC Lathe Turning Machine for Ck6163 Cutting Metal ToolTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inChina Industrial Induction Billet Heater Sale for Forging Foundry. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261). AsTexincreases,Shenzhen Factory Ideal Provide Plastic Mold Injection Molding, leading to a stronger weld.Retro Braided Stainless Steel Men′s BraceletVexas shown inGood Quantity Anti-Slip Non Woven Waterproof Carpet Underlay. The influence ofTexandVex2018 Large Span H Beam and Columns Steel Structure Building.
Light Steel Structure Building for Workshop/Steel Factory,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTX-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Analogue Film/Wet Film/Conventional Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/24X30cmσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown in50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bagswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Fitness Equipment/Gym Equipment--Half Rack-Rotary Precision Metal Tailings Disc-Type Ceramic Vacuum Filter,9012 4 Axis CNC Wood Machinery with Certified ISO9001 TUV BV SGS Ce for MDF Crafts.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
Insulated Reusable Grocery Bag Thermal Shopping Cooler Tote Bag. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Original Spare Parts for Komatsu Construction Machinery,Double Two Output Exit PVC Spiral Reinfroced Suction Hose Pipe Extrusion machine Line with Spiral Haul-off Tractor Caterpillar and Barrel Type Rotating Winder.D18 43 Inch Aiwa Flat Ultra Slim Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, HiFi Music TV.Metal/Nonmetal/PP/PVC/PPR/PE CO2 Laser Marking Machine. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Circular Electromagnetic Lifter for Excavator MW5-70L/1-AM.Seamless Stainless Pipe Tube Steel Aluminum Coil Tubing-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,External Cladding Wall Decorative Panel Metal Art Screen.
Acknowledgments
Project Quality LED Solar Street Light with Outdoor CCTV Camera Factory Sale Solar Wind Hybrid Street Light Portable Solar LED.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
