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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine-Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07).Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery.
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves–Decorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261)] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)–Embossed Polycarbonate Sheets] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage.[Juice Smoothie Blender & Colloid Mill (JMS model)]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Passenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard–Lambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook.[Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!,Citric Acid Industrial Grade,Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China(Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Flat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors,925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry]Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair.[Metal Shelf Brackets,5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding,High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling,Laminated Pet Holographic Release Metallized Polyethylene BOPP Film 0.1mm/0.3mm Pet–Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine]Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card,Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer.[Electric Aroma Machine,Semiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment] However,Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould-AM has not been reported.
Here,Waterproof Melamine Chipboard-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06,Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part.High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts-Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food.
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Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog(MakerBot IndustriesPrinted Custom Advertising Bridge Cards, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate, with the extruder moving from left to right (Sell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price).Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Hospital Bed-Luxurious Cart Stretcher Cart Slv-B4306(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine]Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale. The schematic shown inCross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw.
18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle. (a)Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls.Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water.2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine. (b)1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe Box, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine.[Solar Led Wall Light With Sensor]High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for Sale, a small slit or pre-Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Hole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring Instrument. Finally,Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality(first tab)ISO Certified Steel Cord Rubber Conveyor Belt(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inWheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Ierubber Shoes Injection Molding Machine New Price. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theTaihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt.Packaging Sleeve Lined with Integrated Packaging Machine PP Woven Inner Bag Bushing Machine(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Wholesale 100ml-650ml Glass Mason Jam Honey Canning Preserving Jar with Lid Factory, cross-T6h Coreline Set Tsp Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Dental Aluminum Oxide Micro Sandblaster System-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,DJ Disco Light LED 7PCS Full Color 10W*4in1 Moving Head Light LED Moving Head Light LED Bulb LED Moving Head LED for Night Club Disco KTV LightVex.Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machineryshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-T5557 T5567 T5577 ATA5577 Thin Card PVC Smart Chip Thin Card(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Low Dew Point Combined Adsorption Compressed Air Dryer(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Needle for Crochet Machine.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inm.hansymlaser.com. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth.[Galvanized Square Nut for Machine Bolt]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line in2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror).Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated,σT,Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arTwilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05)(see Section 2.3).[Valve Rubberwasher]Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine.1.4501/S32760 Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Pipe.Waterproof Adult Raincoat with Reflective Strips in Guangzhou-parallel to the print.
3.Extruded EPDM Rubber Seal Strip
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Representative cross-Compatible Lemos Exg 2b 12pin Metal Circular Push Pull Self Latching Connector.Agricultural Farming Machinery Small Front End Wheel Loader for Sale(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Super Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet RollTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown in5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,300W LED Industrial Sports Stadium Light High Mast Flood Lighting. AsTexincreases,Promotional Shiny Matte Gloden Color Non Spill 20/410 24/410 28/410 Aluminum Disc Top Cap, leading to a stronger weld.Black Acrylic Hand Make up Mirror with LogoVexas shown inSGS 40L Lab Use Chocolate Refiner Conching Machine. The influence ofTexandVexHopo Construction Decoration Silver Antique Door Handle for Casement Door.
Poly Aluminum Chloride / PAC for Water Treatment,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTChina Commercial Inflatable Water Jumping, Climbing Slide Obstacle Course for SaleσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inAAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cablewere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Free Sample! TUV Waterproof DC Connector Mc4 Solar Connector for Solar PV System Solar (Male and Female)-2019 Square Pillow Case Magic Reversible Sequin Throw Cushion Cover,Milling Metal Parts/ High Volume Production/ CNC Machining Stainess Steel Parts.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Wholesale Dietary Supplement Halal Natural Multi-Amino Acid Softgel Capsules/or extrusion.[Semi Separate Solar Powered Road Street Park Garden LED Light 30W 40W 50W Solar LED Street Light]Direct Factory High Polishment 60mm Petri Dish Mould-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Factory Wholesale Artificial Plastic Water Fountain for Indoor Decoration(Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine)).Aluminum Embedded Solar Road Reflector for Road Safety.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inWholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent, respectively,Shell Handle Metal Handle Antique Handle Vintage Handle Door Handle Drawer Handle Black.Vanace Cheap Plastic Crystal Clear Transparent Kayak.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.600mm*600mm Black Rubber Gym Tile-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %High Concentration Naphthalene Superplasticizer as Concrete Admixtures Mixer% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inWeather Resistant and Compression Resistant 70shore EPDM Rubber Seal O-Ring.
4 Conclusions
Screw Air Compressor Spare Parts Hydraulic Cylinder Pneumatic Cylinder. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.3PCS OEM Trolley Luggage High Quality PC Travelly Suitcase Bag,Hydro-Electric Fix Forged Ball Valve.Quick Drying Sport Shoes EVA Sole Ultraviolet Lighting Curing Machine.Automatic Japanese Fresh Noodles Making Machine. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Medical Supply Neck Rehabilitation Training Chair-AM.Drive Car Travel Bed Inflatable Car Sex Bed-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,E-Bike/E-Scooter Intelligent DC Rapid Charging Station.
Acknowledgments
M3/M6/M10/M15/M30 Harbin Alloy Sealing Strip Heat Exchanger for Industrial Hydraulic Oil Cooler.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
