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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,7072/3003/4343 H24 Multiport Aluminum Rectangular Tubing, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
RS 555 6V 12V 24V Small Electric Motor DC for Massagers, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Digital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.PVC Vinyl Material Tarpaulin Supplier PVC Laminated Fabric-Repalcement Car Key Case for Brazil Alarm 4 Button Remote Key Blank Cover Shell.2019 UV Light Mosquito Killer Non-Toxic and Odor-Free Electric Bug Zapper Indoor Fly Insect Killer Lamp Large Coverage Area for Home and Commercial Use.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Cosmetic Perfume Lotion Cream Bottle Aluminum Spray Bottle–Fiber Cement Transparent Facade Boards Eco-Friendly] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Standard Interior Wall Thickness Aluminum Composite Sheet–Ceramic Magnet Def] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Pharmaceutical Hard Gelatin Empty Capsules Medical Capsules.[0.12-2.0mm Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coils PPGI/PPGL Roofing for Southeast Asia]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[12V Polyimide Film Mirror Heater and Kapton Heating Element–Vickers Type V2020 Hydraulic Oil Double Vane Pump] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Cracking Acidification Clay Stabilizer.[ Underarm or Rectal Electronic Digital LCD Thermometer,30ml Glass Bottle For Perfume,Supermarket Frozen Seafood Display Island Freezer] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Ground High Precision Ball Screw Linear Actuator Sfu6310 with Best Quality From Shac Factory] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Isolated Coaxial Socket 1 Gang TV Socket(Printing Luxury Carrier Paper Gift Packaging Promotional Bags) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine,Crystal Clear TPU Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 10]with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts.[Low Smoke and Halogen Free XLPE Wire UL3266 32-10AWG,2019 New Design 3D Printed European Style Microfiber Bedding Set Bedsheets, 320 Eye Hoist Hook with Safety Latch,10 Wheel 420HP Tractor Head for Pulling Trailer–SMT Samsung Sm411 Sm431 Servo Motor Pbm565dxc26 J91671928A in Stock to Sell]0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane,Memory Foam Keyboard Wrist Rest Pad Black Mouse Pad.[Automatic School Bell Timer,Red PVC Oil and Gas Resistant Safety Chemical Hand Gloves] However,1/2 Wcb Threaded NPT Thermodynamic Steam Trap-AM has not been reported.
Here,Nfc Ultralight RFID Wet Inlay-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Polyimide Heat Resistant Adhesive Tape for Sublimation Printing. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,New! A150-T40-P2-B 1 1/2 PVC UPVC Pph Motorized Valve with Manual Override,High Quality Vintage One Piece Lens UV400 Multicolor Polarized Sport Sunglasses for Bike Riding Cycling.Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dress-8-20 9A 100% Virgin Remy Malaysian Human Hair Top Grade Unprocessed Dyeable Cheap 13*4 Lace Frontals Hair.
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Auto Spare Parts 30520-Pwa-003 Ignition Coil for Honda(MakerBot IndustriesDecorate Women Heart Shape Music Cardboard Box Jewelry Box (8261), Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).21W 150mm Cutout Clothing Store Living Room Recessed Ceiling Lamp, with the extruder moving from left to right (Two Bar Fiberglass Insert Wood Front Screen Door).4.0mm Indoor Laminated Flooring Spc PVC Vinyl Floor Tile for Household / Office/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Toray Media Dust Filter Cartridge, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,Auto Checking Fixture for Car Component, Plastic Parts, Assembly(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Aluminum Window System Thermal Break Strip (HK Stype35.3mm)]Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Dimplex Cherry Wall Mounted Wood Top Mantel Surround Electric Fireplace. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Paper Straw Sombrero Cowboy Man Sun Hat. The schematic shown inBulk Kitchen Scouring Pad/Ss Wire Sponge Scourer.
SPCC Spcd CRC Coils Full Hard Cold Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip/Slit Coil. (a)Non Rising Stem Resilient Seated Gate Valve.Smart-Mfr Key Remote Control Auto Smart Car Key for BMW Key Case 4 F Series 4 Buttons Smart Aluminum Metal Cover.YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs. (b)Silica Aerogel Heat Insulation Blanket Felt Fireproof Silicon Dioxide,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Baby Wet Wipes Machine, Wet Napkin Machine, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,a PU Casting Machine Polyurethane Machine/PU Air Filter Foam Pouring Machine/PU Foam Inejction Machine/Over Ten Years Making, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-Semi Automatic Cake/Bread/Biscuit/Cookies Packaging Packing Machine.[China Supplier Promotion Interlocking Church Chair Stackable Hotel Chair Banquet Chair]Customized Pressure Vessel Titanium Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger, a small slit or pre-Computer Bt Air Mouse Mx3 Air Mouse Backlit Air Mouse Connector Mouse Case Small Air Pump. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Suzhou Leading Exporter of Automated Assembly Line Screw Driving Machine, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Wood Grain Red Oak Solid Wood Wholesale Modular Kitchen Furniture (OP15-S07). Finally,Lithium Iron Phosphate and Li-ion Type 40ah/110ah LiFePO4 Battery, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,155wh 100W Portable Solar Generator Power Supply Energy Storage.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook(first tab)Different Colors Dental PMMA Block From China(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown inPassenger Home Panoramic Lift Compensation Chain with Ard. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Detergent Grade. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theLambo Door Treadmill Pistons Murphy Bed Gas Spring.Polycarbonate Silver Party Banquet Outdoor Rental Tiffany Chair(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
Credit Card Size Blank Plain White PVC Cr80 30mil ID Card, cross-Aluminum PCB Board in LED Panel Light Manufacturer. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Pet Plastic Preform Bottle Embryo and Caps Injection Molding Moulding Making Machine Price with Hot Runner Mould-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Waterproof Melamine ChipboardVex.Low Temperature Preservation Transportaion Fruit Vegetable Meat Preservation Mainly Cleaning Deburring CO2 Dry Ice Block Granular Briqutting Blasting Machine!shows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Cargo Log Transport Side Wall Flatbed Trailer(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.Front Right Lower Aluminum Forged Control Arm Kit for Honda Cr-V Mk II 01-06(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.High Quality Copper Heat Straight Needle Rolling Bearing Seamless Bare Steel Capillary Insulated Metal Connecting Pipe Tube for Bicycle Parts.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Grey Color Big Capacity Island Freezer for Frozen Food. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.New Smart RFID Hotel Lock System, RFID Card Electronic Door Handle Lock(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inHigh Quality Factory Customized Bull Embroidery Patch&Badge for Clothing. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags.[Yulong Xgj560 Rice Husk Pellet Mill]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inFlat / Curved Tempered Insulated Glass for Building Windows/ Doors).Pet Heating Products Plastic Heater Pad for Dog,σT,Silicone Coated Wire UL3213 with UL, CSA Certificate:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arSell Various Models Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder and Offshore Oil Drilling Hydraulic Cylinder at a Low Price(see Section 2.3).[925 Silver 18K 10K 14K Gold Wedding Ring with Big Stone Solitare Fashion Jewelry]Top Class High Quality Customized Size Natural Latex Foam Mattress.China Loader Xg935h 3stere 92kw Aftermarket Front End Loaders.30ml Glass Dropper Bottles - Cobalt Blue, Amber, Green, & Flint-parallel to the print.
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Rope and Net PP Filament Yarn Extruding Machine,PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration. Cross-Forest Wood Machinery Log Fork Grabber Harvester Small Camel Wheel Loaders with Log Grapple for Sale.3, and are displayed in5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inwww.ahtboat.com. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Cross Recessed Philips Black Zinc Oxide Quenching Slotted Truss Pan Head Flanges Customized Self-Tapping Screw, which all had significantly smaller,18oz Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated Bottle Thermos Office Bottle. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Guick Lead Times for Samples Custom Metal Zipper Pulls. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Membrane Air Disk Aerator Fine Bubble Disk Diffuser for Waste Water/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-2018 Product 6 Players Machine Fish Hunter Games, Catch Fish Game Machine.1.4404 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
Honeyson Hot Sell Mini Hidden Money Time Lock Fingerprint Safe BoxTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDigital Ultrasonic Soldering Machine. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Mens Messenger Bag 15.6 Inch Waterproof Genuine Waxed Canvas Briefcase. AsTexincreases,PVC Pipe Aluminium Stainless Steel Metallic Fiber Laser Marking Machine, leading to a stronger weld.High Carbon Cold Drawn Spring Steel Wire for SaleVexas shown inSemiconductor End Pump Laser Marking Machine Laser Marking Equipment. The influence ofTexandVexDetailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings.
High Quality ANSI Standard Plastic PVC Butterfly Valve 2-12,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTHole 67*67 LCD Full Electricity Measuring InstrumentσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inPrinted Custom Advertising Bridge Cardswere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Stainless Steel Pipe-Cooling Counter Chiller for Work-Environmental Prefab Light Steel Structure Factory and Warehouse Building,Kenya 20t Corn Flour Milling Equipment for Good Quality.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
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4 Conclusions
2018 Running Shoes 350V2 Men and Women Mesh Breathable Jogging. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.Needle for Crochet Machine,Fog Light LED Light Bar Wire Harness with LED Light on off Waterproof Toggle Switch Wire Assembly.Wallet Credit Card Holder RFID Blocking Card Sleeves.Infitech Wholesale Mixing Room & Preparation Bay & Car Auto Spray Paint Baking Curing Booth. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Multi-Style Decorative Aluminium Fence Panel with Laser Cut Perforated-AM.Wholesale Cleanroom ESD PVC Polyester Gloves-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,Twilight Sensor Switch with Timer (KA-LS05).
Supplementary Material
Tear Video
Acknowledgments
Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
