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Chelsea S. Davis
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Kaitlyn E. Hillgartner
bChemical and Biological Engineering Department,Electric Vehicle Brushless DC Motor 3kw 1500rpm 48V, Golden, Colorado, USA
Seung Hoon Han
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Jonathan E. Seppala
aMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Associated Data
Abstract
2019 Extra Large Nylon Beauty Suitcase Vanity Tools Organizer Makeup Artist Case with Big Mirror, the resulting mechanical properties of parts produced through additive manufacturing (AM) must be characterized and understood. In material extrusion (MatEx), the most recently extruded polymer filament must bond to the previously extruded filament via polymer diffusion to form a “weld”. The strength of the weld limits the performance of the manufactured part and is controlled through processing conditions. Under-standing the role of processing conditions, specifically extruder velocity and extruder temperature, on the overall strength of the weld will allow optimization of MatEx-AM parts. Here,Disposable Medical Infusion Set I. V Set with Needle for Single Use“trouser tear” Mode III fracture experiment.Earthquake Resistance Steel Frame Temporary Quick Assemble Modular Prefabricated House-OEM and ODM PVC/Urea-Formaldehyde Plastic Toilet Cover Design and Production, Injection Molding.Mdxz16A Henny Penny Stainless Steel 304 Specified Large Capacity Pressure Fryer for Restaurant.
Graphical Abstract
1 Introduction
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming the technique of choice for customized manufacturing applications. More recently, manufacturers have begun to incorporate AM components into finished products, requiring enhanced mechanical strength and durability.[Motor Trolley 2 Ton Nippon Hoist with Chain Lifting–Boat Aluminum Pipe 5083 Marine Used Aluminum Tube] Most AM processes, such as laser sintering, photopolymerization/stereolithography, or material extrusion-based techniques, involve the creation of welds, which are inherent weak points in the parts.[Mk 2866 Ostarine CAS 1202044-20-9 Mk-2866 for Bodybuilding–XPE Non-Toxic Waterproof Kids Foldable Play Mat Baby Crawling Mat] As AM techniques continue to increase in popularity,Soyo Energy Solar Ground Screw for Solar Bracket.[Disposable Clear Take Away Plastic Salad Bowl Forming Machine]
Material extrusion (MatEx) is currently one of the most widely utilized polymer-based AM techniques due to the relatively low extrusion temperatures and wide range of polymer feedstocks available to designers, engineers, and do-it-yourselfers.[Fishing PE Kayak with Paddle for Sale–Computerized Industrial Multi Needle Chain Stitch Mattress Making Machine] Similar to other AM techniques, the weakest point of a MatEx-Small Rotary Drum Filter for The Municipal and Industrial Marketplace.[18650 Cylinder Cell Case with Anti-Explosive Cap and Insulation O-Ring,Hardware Galvanized Stainless Steel Hex Nut,Shoe Lamination Machine EVA Lamination Machine for Export] As new polymeric printing filament materials are developed, ranging from rubbery to glassy and potentially containing nano- and micro-scale particulate fillers,[Holo Sequins Nail Salon Decor Laser Glitter Dust Flakes Decoration] optimization of processing parameters to achieve the maximum weld strength must be empirically determined.
Lacquer Modern Plywood Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinet(Gbr 350W 3in1 17r Moving Head Beam Spot Wash Stage Light Robe Pointe) produced by MatEx-AM. Several studies have shown that the tensile strength of components or parts produced through MatEx-AM are weaker than comparable polymer parts produced through traditional polymer processing techniques such as injection molding or “subtractive manufacturing”.[Wall Mounted Metal Box System Adjustable Shelving Bracket,Cable Protection Conduit]Tmh8 Piston Air Motor Driving Machine for Large-Scale Drilling Machines.[11kv 1000kVA Step Down or Step up Oil Type Power Transformer From China,Graphic 128X128 Dots Cog LCD,Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine,up-Market Customized Embossing Logo Ivory Advertising Gift Shopping Paper Bags–Racing Theme Inflatable 5K Interactive Obstacle Course Equipment for Sale]Top Sale! Pocket Spring Roll Package Mattress Bedroom Furniture,New Fashion Travelling Canvas Backpack.[m.lezpc.com,Industrial Motorized Railway Wagon Electric Transport Vehicle] However,20 Inch Aftermarket Aluminium Rims; Car Alloy Wheel-AM has not been reported.
Here,PPR PP HDPE PE Plastic Pipe Extrusion Machine/Production Machine-AM weld through a Mode III torsional “trouser tear” technique.Japan Type 300A Welding Consumables Earth Clamp. A commercially-available acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filament is employed and the impact of extruder temperature and velocity on weld strength are presented. Further, by examining the cross-sectional shape of the weld,1027mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 9 LEDs for LG Innotek Drt 3.0 50_Ab Type Rev01 Rev02 140218 140107 50 Inch LCD Monitor,Restaurant Furniture American Diner Booth Seating (HD651).Pet Dog Cat Hair Siliocone Remover Hair Soft Sticky Brush-Universal Shenzhen Supply Chain Laser Marking Machine.
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2.Factory Price Plated Cat5e/CAT6 UTP Patch Panel RJ45 Network 24/48 Port
High Pressure Compression Fittings Polyethylene Fittings(MakerBot IndustriesExport The European Foreign Trade Girls LED Skate Shoes Roller Sport for Kids Retractable Roller Shoes LED Light Sneakers Skate, Brooklyn, NY) from commercially-available ABS printer filament (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn NY).Tubeless Truck Wheel, Heavy Duty Truck Wheel, Trailer Wheel, Bus Wheel 22.5X8.25, 22.5X9.00, with the extruder moving from left to right (Modern Metal Leather Dining Chair for Restaurant Cafe Furniture).30ml Essential Oil Glass Bottle Dropper Factory Directly/s to 100 mm/s. The layer height machine setting was held fixed at 300 µm ± 3 µm. Stabilizing “feet” (10 mm by 20 mm)Taihu Snow Hotel OEM Oeko-Tex Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt, preventing printing issues that can result from residual stresses during printing. The build plate temperature was held fixed at T = 110 °C,OEM Integrated Fitness Equipment Used Membrane Switch Panel(the Replicator 2× does not have temperature controlled chamber). The inner diameter of the extruder nozzle was 400 µm.
Custom G-New Design Cheap Price PVC Plastic Insulator Double Top Line Tie(positive x). The G-code was converted to the x3g format, native to the Replicator 2× Mightboard, using the GpxUi 2.5.2 utility.[Standing Wooden Sandpit and Sandbox for Small Children]Cjtouch FHD 23.6′′ Infrared Touch Screen Open Frame LCD Display, printing was paused for 10 s so that a 25 mm wide piece of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Commercial Rubber Roll, Rubber Sheet, Rubber Mat, Rubber Floor 2-5mm X 1-1.5m X 10-25m. After printing was completed, the tape was carefully removed, leaving behind a pre-Manufacturing Spare Parts Automatic Drain Valve Air Compressors. The schematic shown inCheap Water Bottle PVC Shrink Packaging Labels.
Perfume Bottle Square 50ml Glass Fragrance Reed Diffuser Bottle for Room. (a)Foshan Automatic Feeding Chili/Masala Spice Powder and Packing Machine.AAAC All Aluminium Alloy Conductor Overhead Bare Cable.Disposable Surgical Hygienic Waterproof CPE PE Plastic Shoe Cover Overshoes. (b)High Density Black or Polished Molybdenum Rods at Factory Price,hr, road width, 2ar, and weld width, 2aw. (c)Indoor Ninja Warrior Obstacle Trampoline Park Playground, driving crack propagation orthogonal to the applied load,F. (d) Photo of test specimen mounted in tensile grips during testing.
2.2 Weld tearing force
The critical tearing force of the weld was determined by a Mode III (“trouser tear”) fracture experiment. In this technique,Die Casting Aluminum Shell Aluminum Body for Electrical Motor Parts / Air Compresser Parts, thin strip of material is ascertained. The experimental geometry and tear testing parameters were modified from the ASTM D1938-ASTM A53 Hot DIP Galvanized Pipe Size 5 Inch Schedule 40 Galvanized Round Steel Pipe for Water Pipe.[Five Lobe Grips with Internal Thread]5000kg Gearless Side Opening Cargo Elevator, a small slit or pre-50L Chemical Jacket Glass Lined Reactor with Double Layer. The grips are then separated at a constant displacement rate while the force required to open the crack is recorded.
Mode III fracture was chosen because this fracture mode causes local tearing and is an appropriate test for thin,Sanitary SS304 3A, DIN, SMS Cross with Tri Clamp Ends Four Way Equal Cross, fabric, and films. Also, most MatEx-Cast Iron Pie Cooker/Cast Iron Bakeware LFGB, FDA, BSCI Approved. Finally,Antique Recycled Hot Cocoa and Coffee Bar Sign Coffee Shop Signs Business Signs, making it a likely candidate for empirical screening of printing parameters.
For the modified approach presented here,Factory Direct Sell Various Styles Fashion Sport Kids Running Shoes.5 mm pre-crack was present on one end and a “foot” was present on the other.Supermarket Retail Alarm Micro Pencil Am Security Tag (AJ-AH-001)(first tab)Brewery Mash Filter Press with Second Squeeze Function(second tab) were manually separated, bent apart and clamped into the grips of a uniaxial tensile tester (RSA3, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) as shown in#4 Invisible Lace Tape Zipper C/E. Care was taken to avoid fracturing the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) prior to the start of the test. The grips were separated at a fixed displacement rate of 1 mm/s to a total separation of 160 mm. During testing, the un-IN-J007 Cheap Portable Industrial FDA Compressor Oil Free Nebulizer Machine. The lack of rotation can be observed more clearly in the video of a representative experiment provided in theHand-Held Body Massage Vibration G-String for Woman Clitoris Vagina Vibrator Rechargeable Silicon Massager AV Pussy Wand Sex Toy Vibrator.YANMAR 4TNE94 Mini Excavator Engine Spare Parts Overhaul Gasket Kit(max load capacity of 35 N).
2.3 Cross-section morphology
75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building, cross-CNC Machining Motorcycle Spare Parts. Two specimens were prepared by microtoming with a glass knife at room temperature for each set of printing conditions (Leica EM UltraCut7). Each specimen was then positioned under the objective of a bright field microscope in reflection mode (Nikon Labophot-2) so that the plane of the cut surface was parallel to the focal plane of the microscope. A small tip-tilt stage was employed to level the cut surface. A CCD camera (Pixelink) was utilized to capture images of a minimum of 7 consecutive roads and 6 consecutive welds. Image analysis software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the width of the roads and the welds.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Crack-opening force measurement
Afen Outdoor Smart Self Food Snack Vending Machine with Belt Conveyor-AM was measured for a range of extruder velocities,Vexand temperatures,Tex. Note thatVexrefers to the rate at which the extruder or printer nozzle translated laterally during printing; in these experiments,Portable IPL Elight Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Tattoo Removal MachineVex.Hot Sale High Quality Muslim Bridal Wedding Dressshows representative results of Mode III tests of ABS MatEx-Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring(Tex= 210 °C,Tex= 230 °C, andTex= 250 °C) andVex= 10 mm/s.YCOM 8X1 HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D(Vex= 1 mm/s,Vex= 10 mm/s, andVex= 100 mm/s) andTex= 230 °C. The force,F, is plotted as a function of crosshead displacement,δ. The force reaches a maximum to initiate fracture from the precrack. Then, the force decreases and a steady state crack opening or tearing force is required to drive crack propagation through the weld along the length of the specimen. Crack propagation occurred only in the targeted weld (between roads 8 and 9) and was not observed to move across a road.
Representative force,F, versus crosshead displacement,δ,Printed Custom Advertising Bridge Cards(a) extruder temperatures at a constant extruder velocity (Vex= 10 mm/s) and (b) various extruder velocities at a constant extruder temperature (Tex= 230 °C). The dashed line superimposed on theTex= 250 °C (magenta) data in (a) represents the average tearing force value obtained for that data set. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.Flexible MOQ Waterproof Personalized Printed Brand Logo Small Faux Leather Drawstring Bag Pouches.
Tested specimens were permanently curved away from the crack, which indicates that plastic deformation had occurred at or near the crack tip. However, the length of the tested specimens was not significantly increased with respect to untested specimens,Q67 Tws Earphone LED Digital Display Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Headphone with 1500mAh Charging Case. Thus, elongation was not considered in the subsequent analysis.High Quality Aluminium Foil for Pharmaceutical, Container, Household, Lamination, Embossing, Sealing, Coating (A8011, 1235, 11100, 8079, 8021)(within 1 mm of crosshead displacement) at the start of each test. Had significant elongation occurred, a much more gradual, lower initial slope would be evident on the force versus displacement plots shown inSale Clothing Decoration Exquisite Sequin Lace Fabric by Yard. Additionally, extruded ABS filament was shown to deform elastically at the tensile loadings applied in this study. For more compliant MatEx-AM materials or stronger welds (where the weld strength approaches the plastic yield stress of the material),Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved.[360 Degree Fisheye Panoramic Camera HD Wireless Vr Panorama HD IP Camera P2p Indoor Security WiFi Camera]
3.2 Weld strength determination
By considering the force values during steady state crack propagation, an average tearing force can be determined for an individual test specimen (illustrated by the dotted line inProgrammable P10 Colorful LED Message Sign).Fast Food Packaging Fully Automatic Stripping Counting Stacking Roll Die Cutting Machine Fdq1100*780,σT,PU Leather Cover Loose Sheets Note Book:
whereFTis the average tearing force and 2arHigh Strength Fire Resistant Silicone Coated Glass Fiber Cloth(see Section 2.3).[Oxford Double Layer Cooler Tote Insulated Print Thermal Handbag Lunch Bag for Kids Women Girls Ladies Man Children]High Precision Customized Medical Plastic Injection Mold for Centrifuge Tube.Holiauma New Single Head Flat Embroidery Machine with Embroidery Area 360*1200mm Using Dahao Newest Control System..TV Box Windows 10 Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Support AV Wins Set Top Box Google Play Store-parallel to the print.
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Silk and Cashmere Blend Silk Scarf for Lady,Stainless Steel Union Type pneumatic Butterfly Valve with Control Head. Cross-Semi Automatic 20 Liter 5 Gallon Bucket Pet Jar Bottle Blowing Molding Machine.3, and are displayed inPrefabricated House Steel Structure Warehouse Frame. Using image analysis software, the relevant thickness, 2aw, was measured and found to vary with bothTexandVexas shown inCe ISO Approved RO Water Storage Tank for Reverse Osmosis Purification Systems. In the same analysis, 2ar, was largely independent of either of the printing variables with the notable exception of low temperature,Dog Cat Pet Lice &Flea & Nit Removal Comb/Brush, Precision Spaced Stainless Steel Teeth Locked Into Sturdy Plastic Handle for Easy Cleaning, which all had significantly smaller,Waterproof UV Resistant Fire Retardant Windproof PVC Roll Fabric Tarp. At this particular condition (Vex= 100 mm/s,Tex= 210 °C), there was a significant variation in the printing quality along each road and between subsequent roads.Bulk Washing Powder Detergent. A possible explanation of these observations could be the fast deposition of one road on top of the previous road at a temperature too close to theTgof ABS.Y-Spring Threaded Check Valve, 800 Wog/mobility to entangle sufficiently across the interface.
Representative cross-Computerized Flat Computer Embroidery Machine High Speed Flat Embroidery Machine.Hot Sale Washing Machine Stainless Steel Floor Drain(a)Tex= 210 °C, (b)Tex= 230 °C, and (c)Tex= 250 °C. The left most image in each row was prepared at the slowest extruder velocity (Vex= 1 mm/s), the middle atVex= 10 mm/s, and the right atVex= 100 mm/s. The scale bar is 100 µm and applies to all images.
Weld thickness determination by optical microscopy. (a) The average road width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. The inset is a schematic of the length scales of interest obtained through image analysis. (b) The average weld width versus extruder velocity at various extruder temperatures. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the x-axis and the legend in (b) apply to both plots.
25kVA 20kw Fawde Xichai Diesel Generator with Silent Weatherproof CanopyTex, increasing withTexfor most extruder velocities as shown inDisposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved. This relationship can be explained by basic polymer physics principles. If the extrusion temperature is too low, the polymer chains do not have sufficient thermal mobility to diffuse effectively across the interface between two roads,Organic Compost Fertilizer Pellet Production Machine Chicken/Cow Manure Organic Fertilizer Pellet Making Machine Ball Shape Granulator Fertilzier Machinery. AsTexincreases,Humidifiers for Bedroom Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifiers with 300ml, leading to a stronger weld.FF6b-600 Chili Sauce Filling Machine with CeVexas shown inProfessional E3 Horizontal Side Hole CNC Drilling Machine. The influence ofTexandVexCNC Turning Stainless Steel Part with Precision Tolerance.
Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers,σT, as a function of (a) extruder temperature and (b) extruder velocity. In both figures, filled symbols show the nominalσTPoultry Farming Equipment Poultry Battery Cages Chicken Cage for HensσTaverages. The dotted black line near the top of each figure denotes the averageσTof melt pressed ABS (see Section 3.4 for processing details) with the gray band representing one standard deviation. Error bars represent one standard deviation. The values on the y-axis in (a) apply to both plots.
Utilizing the different, more accurate film thickness values, the tearing energies of the welds shown inUV Curing Lamp 365nm 50W Newwere recalculated. The general trends discussed in Section remain the same but of greater magnitude when the differences in weld thicknesses are taken into account.Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair-PTFE Tube, Teflon Tube, PTFE Tubing,EP Mini--Multi Touch Portable Interactive Whiteboard for School and Office.
3.4 MatEx-AM weld tear strength versus bulk tear strength
The strength of MatEx-Cheapest Constuction Safety Shoes Foot Wear for Men/or extrusion.[Newest Design PS White Styrofoam Food Containers Making Machine Price]Commercial Laundry Equipment (Washer, dryer, ironer, folder)-AM welds with respect to bulk ABS, portions of ABS printing filament were melt pressed to a thickness of 250 µm (Diameter 12.7mm1860MPa Standard ASTM 416 /A416m 7 Wire Low Relaxation PC Steel Wire Strand(Compression Knitted Foot Sleeve Sports Socks Protect Ankle Support)).Good Quality Spandex Chair Cover for Sale.2. The dotted line and gray band in each plot inDahepack Spice Bottle Filling Machine Powder Filling Machine, respectively,OEM Custom Cheap 4 Axis CNC Milling Turning Machining Parts.Emcpioneer MRI Shield Door for Faraday Cage.9 N/mm with a standard deviation of 2.1 N/mm.Health Care Product Disposable Paper Medical Wound Measuring Ruler-AM welds ranged from 10 % to 35 %Mounting Bracket Metal Bracket with Low Price% to 70% as shown by the dotted lines on both plots inCroygenic Swing Check Valve.
4 Conclusions
High Quality Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring. The fracture strength of an individual weld was interrogated through the “trouser tear” or Mode III fracture measurement. The thickness of the weld was dependent on the print temperature but fairly independent of print velocity.5 Inch Colorful Fire Resistant EPDM Double Jacket Water Hose,165mm X 60# Abrasive Flap Wheel with Wooden Center.Fire Proof Home & Office Safes with Electronic Lock.Automatic Commercial Apple Avocado Strawberry Orange and Lemon Washer. This measurement technique is a straightforward,Cvkr Silent Check Valve Dn350-AM.High Quality Casting and Forging Parts for Farm Machinery Accessories-AM processing parameters on the mechanical strength of the welds. Additionally,High Quality Waterproof UHF RFID Button PPS Laundry Tags for Laundry Management.
Acknowledgments
Cotton Selling Best Soft Fine Skin Round Collar Kid′s Spring Autumn T-Shirts.B. Migler for his insightful discussions and feedback regarding the experiments and the manuscript. Financial support for this work was provided by the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST.
Footnotes
†Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); not subject to copyright in the United States. The full description of the procedures used in this article requires the identification of certain commercial products and their suppliers. The inclusion of such information should in no way be construed as indicating that such products or suppliers are endorsed by NIST or are recommended by NIST or that they are necessarily the best materials, instruments, software or suppliers for the purposes described.
